Protocol holds that a head of state takes precedence over all other officials, and that heads of state rank in the order that they took office. The following list contains the heads of state for all United Nations member states and non-member observer states.
Commonwealth realms, other than the United Kingdom, each have a local governor-general appointed to represent the monarch in the realm's government. Governors-general are frequently accorded the status and privileges of a head of state at diplomatic events when considered as representing their absentee monarch, but not as themselves heads of state. The princes of Andorra each have a representative as well. Hereditary Prince Alois is permanent representative for exercising the sovereign powers due to Liechtenstein Prince Hans-Adam II.[1] They are included in the list and are highlighted in blue.
However, in many cases it is not this neutral principle but national rules of protocol that are acted upon, usually by an international event's host nation, as in many bilateral and even certain multilateral occasions. Various international organisations have a system for internal use. Even in the presence of one or more Heads of State, certain occasions are governed by specific protocol, e.g. military. Thus in many cases precedence is given to monarchs over republican heads of state, mostly in monarchies; in some nations, the Pope (himself a monarchical head of state) ranks above secular heads of state, especially in Roman Catholic countries.
States recognised by the United Nations
Current
Title | Name | Assumed office | Country |
---|---|---|---|
Queen | Elizabeth II | 6 February 1952 | ![]() |
Queen | ![]() | ||
Queen | ![]() | ||
Queen | ![]() | ||
Queen | 6 August 1962 | ![]() | |
Queen | 30 November 1966 | ![]() | |
Queen | Margrethe II | 14 January 1972 | ![]() |
Queen | Elizabeth II | 10 July 1973 | ![]() |
King | Carl XVI Gustaf | 15 September 1973 | ![]() |
Queen | Elizabeth II | 7 February 1974 | ![]() |
Queen | 16 September 1975 | ![]() | |
Queen | 7 July 1978 | ![]() | |
Queen | 1 October 1978 | ![]() | |
Queen | 22 February 1979 | ![]() | |
President[2] | Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo[3] | 3 August 1979 | ![]() |
Queen | Elizabeth II | 27 October 1979 | ![]() |
Queen | 21 September 1981 | ![]() | |
Queen | 1 November 1981 | ![]() | |
President | Paul Biya[4] | 6 November 1982 | ![]() |
Queen | Elizabeth II | 19 September 1983 | ![]() |
Sultan | Hassanal Bolkiah | 1 January 1984[5] | ![]() |
President[6] | Yoweri Museveni | 26 January 1986 | ![]() |
King | Mswati III | 25 April 1986 | ![]() |
Supreme Leader | Ayatollah Ali Khamenei[8] | 4 June 1989 | ![]() |
Reigning Prince | Hans-Adam II[10][11] | 13 November 1989 | ![]() |
President[12] | Idriss Déby | 2 December 1990 | ![]() |
King | Harald V[13][14] | 17 January 1991 | ![]() |
President | Emomali Rahmon | 20 November 1992 | ![]() |
President | Isaias Afwerki | 24 May 1993[15] | ![]() |
(Governor-General) | Sir Colville Young | 17 November 1993 | ![]() |
President | Alexander Lukashenko | 20 July 1994 | ![]() |
King | Letsie III[16] | 7 February 1996 | ![]() |
President | Denis Sassou Nguesso[17] | 25 October 1997 | ![]() |
King | Abdullah II | 7 February 1999 | ![]() |
King[18] | Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa | 6 March 1999 | ![]() |
President | Ismaïl Omar Guelleh[20] | 8 May 1999 | ![]() |
King | Mohammed VI | 23 July 1999 | ![]() |
President | Paul Kagame | 24 March 2000[21] | ![]() |
President | Bashar al-Assad[22] | 17 July 2000 | ![]() |
Grand Duke | Henri[23] | 7 October 2000 | ![]() |
Co-Prince | Archbishop Joan Enric Vives i Sicília | 12 May 2003 | ![]() |
President | Ilham Aliyev[24][25] | 31 October 2003 | ![]() |
Prince Regent | Hereditary Prince Alois[11] | 15 August 2004 | ![]() |
King | Norodom Sihamoni | 14 October 2004 | ![]() |
President | Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan[26] | 3 November 2004 | ![]() |
President | Mahmoud Abbas | 15 January 2005 | ![]() |
Prince | Albert II[27] | 31 March 2005 | ![]() |
President | Faure Gnassingbé[28][29] | 4 May 2005 | ![]() |
King | Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck | 15 December 2006 | ![]() |
President | Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow | 21 December 2006 | ![]() |
President | Daniel Ortega[30] | 10 January 2007 | ![]() |
(Governor-General) | Sir Patrick Allen | 26 February 2009 | ![]() |
President | Ali Bongo Ondimba[31] | 16 October 2009 | ![]() |
President | Alpha Condé | 21 December 2010 | ![]() |
President | Mahamadou Issoufou[32] | 7 April 2011 | ![]() |
President | Alassane Ouattara[33] | 11 April 2011 | ![]() |
President | Salva Kiir Mayardit | 9 July 2011 | ![]() |
President | Jorge Carlos Fonseca | 9 September 2011 | ![]() |
President | Michael D. Higgins | 11 November 2011 | ![]() |
President | Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi | 23 November 2011 | ![]() |
President | Sauli Niinistö | 1 March 2012 | ![]() |
King | Tupou VI[34] | 18 March 2012 | ![]() |
President | Macky Sall[35] | 2 April 2012 | ![]() |
President | Vladimir Putin[36] | 7 May 2012 | ![]() |
President | János Áder | 10 May 2012 | ![]() |
(Representative of the Episcopal Co-Prince) | Josep Maria Mauri | 20 July 2012 | ![]() |
President | Borut Pahor[37] | 22 December 2012 | ![]() |
President | Nicos Anastasiades | 28 February 2013 | ![]() |
President | Nicolás Maduro | 5 March 2013[38] | ![]() |
President | Miloš Zeman[39] | 8 March 2013 | ![]() |
Sovereign | Pope Francis | 13 March 2013 | ![]() |
President | Xi Jinping | 14 March 2013 | ![]() |
President | Abdul Hamid | 20 March 2013[41] | ![]() |
President | Uhuru Kenyatta[42] | 9 April 2013 | ![]() |
King | Willem-Alexander | 30 April 2013 | ![]() |
(Governor-General) | Dame Cécile La Grenade | 7 May 2013 | ![]() |
Emir | Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani | 25 June 2013 | ![]() |
King | Philippe | 21 July 2013 | ![]() |
President | Hassan Rouhani | 3 August 2013 | ![]() |
President | Charles Savarin | 2 October 2013 | ![]() |
President | Juan Orlando Hernández | 27 January 2014 | ![]() |
President | Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | 8 June 2014 | ![]() |
King | Felipe VI | 19 June 2014 | ![]() |
President | Reuven Rivlin | 24 July 2014 | ![]() |
(Governor-General) | Sir Rodney Williams | 14 August 2014 | ![]() |
President | Recep Tayyip Erdoğan[43] | 28 August 2014 | ![]() |
President | Ashraf Ghani | 29 September 2014 | ![]() |
President | Joko Widodo | 20 October 2014 | ![]() |
President | Klaus Iohannis | 21 December 2014 | ![]() |
President | Filipe Nyusi | 15 January 2015 | ![]() |
King | Salman | 23 January 2015 | ![]() |
President | Edgar Lungu | 25 January 2015 | ![]() |
President | Sergio Mattarella | 3 February 2015 | ![]() |
President | Hage Geingob[44] | 21 March 2015 | ![]() |
(Governor-General) | Sir Tapley Seaton | 20 May 2015 | ![]() |
President | Muhammadu Buhari[45] | 29 May 2015 | ![]() |
President | Andrzej Duda | 6 August 2015 | ![]() |
President | Bidhya Devi Bhandari | 29 October 2015 | ![]() |
President | John Magufuli | 5 November 2015 | ![]() |
President | Jioji Konrote | 12 November 2015 | ![]() |
President | Roch Marc Christian Kaboré[46] | 29 December 2015 | ![]() |
President | Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa | 9 March 2016 | ![]() |
President | Taneti Maamau | 11 March 2016 | ![]() |
Chairman of the Presidential Council | Fayez al-Sarraj | 12 March 2016 | ![]() |
President | Faustin-Archange Touadéra[47] | 30 March 2016 | ![]() |
President | Patrice Talon | 6 April 2016 | ![]() |
President | Bounnhang Vorachith[48] | 20 April 2016 | ![]() |
President | Azali Assoumani[49] | 26 May 2016 | ![]() |
Chairman of the State Affairs Commission | Kim Jong-un[50] | 29 June 2016 | ![]() |
President | Rodrigo Duterte | 30 June 2016 | ![]() |
President | Guðni Th. Jóhannesson | 1 August 2016 | ![]() |
President | Evaristo Carvalho[52] | 3 September 2016 | ![]() |
President | Shavkat Mirziyoyev[53] | 8 September 2016 | ![]() |
(Governor-General) | Dame Patsy Reddy | 28 September 2016 | ![]() |
President | Kersti Kaljulaid | 10 October 2016 | ![]() |
King | Maha Vajiralongkorn | 13 October 2016 | ![]() |
President | Michel Aoun[55] | 31 October 2016 | ![]() |
President | Nana Akufo-Addo[56] | 7 January 2017 | ![]() |
President | Adama Barrow | 19 January 2017 | ![]() |
President | Rumen Radev | 22 January 2017 | ![]() |
Federal President | Alexander Van der Bellen | 26 January 2017 | ![]() |
President | Jovenel Moïse | 7 February 2017 | ![]() |
President | Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed[57] | 8 February 2017 | ![]() |
(Governor-General) | Sir Bob Dadae | 28 February 2017 | ![]() |
Federal President | Frank-Walter Steinmeier | 19 March 2017 | ![]() |
President | Moon Jae-in | 10 May 2017 | ![]() |
President | Emmanuel Macron | 14 May 2017 | ![]() |
Co-Prince | ![]() | ||
(Representative of the French Co-Prince) | Patrick Strzoda | 15 May 2017 | ![]() |
President | Francisco Guterres | 20 May 2017 | ![]() |
President | Lenín Moreno | 24 May 2017 | ![]() |
President | Aleksandar Vučić[58] | 31 May 2017 | ![]() |
President | Tallis Obed Moses | 6 July 2017 | ![]() |
President | Khaltmaagiin Battulga | 10 July 2017 | ![]() |
O le Ao o le Malo | Va'aletoa Sualauvi II | 21 July 2017 | ![]() |
President | Ilir Meta[59] | 24 July 2017 | ![]() |
President | Ram Nath Kovind | 25 July 2017 | ![]() |
President | Halimah Yacob | 14 September 2017 | ![]() |
President | João Lourenço | 21 September 2017 | ![]() |
President | Emmerson Mnangagwa | 24 November 2017 | ![]() |
(Governor-General) | Dame Sandra Mason[61] | 8 January 2018 | ![]() |
(Governor-General) | Sir Neville Cenac[62] | 12 January 2018 | ![]() |
President | George Weah | 22 January 2018 | ![]() |
President | Cyril Ramaphosa | 15 February 2018 | ![]() |
President | Sebastián Piñera[63] | 11 March 2018 | ![]() |
President | Paula-Mae Weekes | 19 March 2018 | ![]() |
President | Win Myint | 30 March 2018 | ![]() |
President | Mokgweetsi Masisi | 1 April 2018 | ![]() |
President | Julius Maada Bio[64] | 4 April 2018 | ![]() |
President | Armen Sarkissian[65] | 9 April 2018 | ![]() |
President of the Council of State | Miguel Díaz-Canel | 19 April 2018 | ![]() |
President | Carlos Alvarado Quesada | 8 May 2018 | ![]() |
President | Milo Đukanović[66] | 20 May 2018 | ![]() |
President | Iván Duque Márquez | 7 August 2018 | ![]() |
President | Mario Abdo Benítez | 15 August 2018 | ![]() |
President | Arif Alvi | 9 September 2018 | ![]() |
President | Barham Salih | 2 October 2018 | ![]() |
President | Nguyễn Phú Trọng | 23 October 2018 | ![]() |
President | Sahle-Work Zewde | 25 October 2018 | ![]() |
President | Ibrahim Mohamed Solih | 17 November 2018 | ![]() |
President | Andrés Manuel López Obrador | 1 December 2018 | ![]() |
President | Salome Zourabichvili | 16 December 2018 | ![]() |
President | Jair Bolsonaro | 1 January 2019 | ![]() |
President | Andry Rajoelina[67] | 17 January 2019 | ![]() |
President | Félix Tshisekedi[68] | 24 January 2019 | ![]() |
Yang di-Pertuan Agong | Abdullah | 31 January 2019 | ![]() |
President | Kassym-Jomart Tokayev | 20 March 2019 | ![]() |
President | George Vella | 4 April 2019 | ![]() |
President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly | Choe Ryong-hae | 11 April 2019 | ![]() |
Emperor | Naruhito | 1 May 2019 | ![]() |
President | David W. Panuelo | 11 May 2019 | ![]() |
President | Stevo Pendarovski | 12 May 2019 | ![]() |
President | Volodymyr Zelensky | 20 May 2019 | ![]() |
President | Nayib Bukele | 1 June 2019 | ![]() |
President | Zuzana Čaputová | 15 June 2019 | ![]() |
(Governor General) | Cornelius A. Smith | 28 June 2019 | ![]() |
(Governor-General) | David Hurley | 1 July 2019 | ![]() |
President | Laurentino Cortizo | 1 July 2019 | ![]() |
(Governor-General) | David Vunagi | 7 July 2019 | ![]() |
President | Egils Levits | 8 July 2019 | ![]() |
President | Gitanas Nausėda | 12 July 2019 | ![]() |
President | Mohamed Ould Ghazouani | 1 August 2019 | ![]() |
(Governor-General) | Susan Dougan | 1 August 2019 | ![]() |
Chairman of the Sovereignty Council | Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan | 21 August 2019 | ![]() |
(Governor-General) | Teniku Talesi Honolulu | 22 August 2019 | ![]() |
President | Lionel Aingimea | 27 August 2019 | ![]() |
President | Kaïs Saïed | 23 October 2019 | ![]() |
President | Gotabaya Rajapaksa[69] | 18 November 2019 | ![]() |
President | Prithvirajsing Roopun | 2 December 2019 | ![]() |
President | Alberto Fernández | 10 December 2019 | ![]() |
President | Abdelmadjid Tebboune[70] | 19 December 2019 | ![]() |
Sultan | Haitham bin Tariq[71] | 11 January 2020 | ![]() |
President | David Kabua[72] | 13 January 2020 | ![]() |
President | Alejandro Giammattei | 14 January 2020 | ![]() |
President | Zoran Milanović[73] | 18 February 2020 | ![]() |
President | Umaro Sissoco Embaló[74] | 27 February 2020 | ![]() |
President | Luis Lacalle Pou[75] | 1 March 2020 | ![]() |
President | Katerina Sakellaropoulou | 13 March 2020 | ![]() |
President | Évariste Ndayishimiye | 18 June 2020 | ![]() |
President | Lazarus Chakwera | 28 June 2020 | ![]() |
President | Chan Santokhi | 16 July 2020 | ![]() |
President | Irfaan Ali | 2 August 2020 | ![]() |
President | Luis Abinader | 16 August 2020 | ![]() |
Interim President | Bah Ndaw | 25 September 2020 | ![]() |
Emir | Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah | 29 September 2020 | ![]() |
Captains Regent | Alessandro Cardelli | 1 October 2020 | ![]() |
Mirko Dolcini | |||
President | Wavel Ramkalawan | 26 October 2020 | ![]() |
President | Luis Arce | 8 November 2020 | ![]() |
Interim President | Francisco Sagasti | 17 November 2020 | ![]() |
Chairman of the Presidency | Milorad Dodik | 20 November 2020 | ![]() |
President | Maia Sandu | 24 December 2020 | ![]() |
President | Guy Parmelin | 1 January 2021 | ![]() |
President | Joe Biden | 20 January 2021 | ![]() |
Administrator[78][79] | Richard Wagner | 21 January 2021 | |
President | Surangel Whipps Jr. | 21 January 2021 | ![]() |
President | Sadyr Japarov[80] | 28 January 2021 | ![]() |
States with limited recognition
Current
Title | Name | Assumed office | Country |
---|---|---|---|
President | Mustafa Akıncı | 30 April 2015 | ![]() |
President | Tsai Ing-wen | 20 May 2016 | ![]() |
President | Brahim Ghali | 12 July 2016 | ![]() |
President | Vadim Krasnoselsky | 16 December 2016 | ![]() |
President | Anatoly Bibilov | 21 April 2017 | ![]() |
President | Muse Bihi Abdi | 13 December 2017 | ![]() |
President | Aslan Bzhania | 23 April 2020 | ![]() |
President | Arayik Harutyunyan[81] | 21 May 2020 | ![]() |
President | Vjosa Osmani | 5 November 2020 | ![]() |
Disputed governments
Current
Title | Name | Assumed office | Country |
---|---|---|---|
President | Riad Seif | 6 May 2017 | ![]() |
President of the Supreme Political Council | Mahdi al-Mashat | 25 April 2018 | ![]() |
See also
- List of current heads of state and government
- List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office
- Order of precedence
References
- ^ Hereditary Prince Alois Archived 21 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo was titled President of the Supreme Military Council until 25 August 1979.
- ^ Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo is the nephew of the previous president, Francisco Macías Nguema.
- ^ Paul Biya was previously Prime Minister between 30 June 1975 – 6 November 1982.
- ^ Hassanal Bolkiah has been Sultan of Brunei since 4 October 1967, but Brunei was a protectorate of the United Kingdom until 1 January 1984.
- ^ Yoweri Museveni was titled Chairman of the National Resistance Council until 29 January 1986
- ^ The country was the Kingdom of Swaziland before 2018.
- ^ Ali Khamenei was previously President of Iran from 2 October 1981 – 4 June 1989.
- ^ a b In Iran, the Supreme Leader is the head of state and the President is the head of government.
- ^ Hans-Adam II was previously Regent from 26 August 1984 – 13 November 1989.
- ^ a b Hereditary Prince Alois has been Regent for Hans-Adam II since 15 August 2004.
- ^ Idriss Déby was titled President of the Council of State until 4 March 1991.
- ^ Harald V was previously Prince-Regent from 1 June 1990 – 17 January 1991.
- ^ Haakon was Prince-Regent from 25 November 2003 – 13 April 2004 and 29 March 2005 – 7 June 2005.
- ^ Isaias Afwerki has been the leader of Eritrea (initially titled Secretary-general of the Provisional Government) from 29 May 1991, but the country only became independent on 24 May 1993.
- ^ Letsie III was previously King of Lesotho between 12 November 1990 – 25 January 1995.
- ^ Denis Sassou Nguesso was previously President of the People's Republic of the Congo (as the country was named then) between 8 February 1979 – 31 August 1992.
- ^ The monarch was titled Emir until 14 February 2002.
- ^ The country was the State of Bahrain before 2002.
- ^ Ismaïl Omar Guelleh is the nephew of the previous president, Hassan Gouled Aptidon.
- ^ Paul Kagame was Acting President until 22 April 2000.
- ^ Bashar al-Assad is the son of the previous president, Hafez al-Assad.
- ^ Henri was previously Regent from 3 March 1998 – 7 October 2000.
- ^ Ilham Aliyev was previously Prime Minister between 4 August 2003 – 4 November 2003.
- ^ Ilham Aliyev is the son of the previous president, Heydar Aliyev.
- ^ Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan is the son of the previous president, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan.
- ^ Albert II was previously Regent from 31 March 2005 – 6 April 2005.
- ^ Faure Gnassingbé was previously President between 5 February 2005 – 25 February 2005.
- ^ Faure Gnassingbé is the son of the previous president, Gnassingbé Eyadéma.
- ^ Daniel Ortega was previously President between 10 January 1985 – 25 April 1990.
- ^ Ali Bongo Ondimba is the son of the previous president, Omar Bongo.
- ^ Mahamadou Issoufou was previously Prime Minister between 17 April 1993 – 28 September 1994.
- ^ Alassane Ouattara was previously Prime Minister between 7 November 1990 – 9 December 1993.
- ^ Tupou VI – then titled Prince 'Ulukalala Lavaka Ata – was previously Prime Minister between 3 January 2000 – 11 February 2006.
- ^ Macky Sall was previously Prime Minister between 21 April 2004 – 19 June 2007.
- ^ Vladimir Putin was previously President between 31 December 1999 – 7 May 2008, and Prime Minister between 9 August 1999 – 7 May 2000 and 8 May 2008 – 7 May 2012.
- ^ Borut Pahor was previously Prime Minister between 21 November 2008 – 10 February 2012.
- ^ Maduro was Acting President until 19 April 2013.
- ^ Miloš Zeman was previously Prime Minister between 22 July 1998 – 15 July 2002.
- ^ It is the Holy See and not the Vatican City state that maintains diplomatic relations with states and participates in international organisations. The Holy See and the Vatican City state are two separate and distinct entities. Foreign embassies are accredited to the Holy See, not to the Vatican City state, and it is the Holy See that establishes treaties and concordats with other sovereign entities. Also it is the Holy See that has United Nations Observer status not the Vatican City state.
- ^ Hamid was Acting President until 24 April 2013.
- ^ Uhuru Kenyatta is the son of a former president, Jomo Kenyatta.
- ^ Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was previously Prime Minister between 14 March 2003 – 28 August 2014.
- ^ Hage Geingob was previously Prime Minister between 4 December 2012 – 20 March 2015.
- ^ Muhammadu Buhari was previously head of state (titled Head of the Federal Military Government) between 31 December 1983 – 27 August 1985.
- ^ Roch Marc Christian Kaboré was previously Prime Minister between 22 March 1994 – 6 February 1996.
- ^ Faustin-Archange Touadéra was previously Prime Minister between 22 January 2008 – 17 January 2013.
- ^ Bounnhang Vorachith was previously Prime Minister between 27 March 2001 – 8 June 2006.
- ^ Azali Assoumani was previously President between 26 May 2001 – 26 May 2006.
- ^ Kim Jong-un is the son and grandson of the two previous supreme leaders, Kim Jong-il and Kim Il-sung.
- ^ a b The Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly and Chairman of the National Defence Commission of North Korea share head of state powers while the deceased Kim Il-sung is recognised in the Constitution as the Eternal President
- ^ Evaristo Carvalho was previously Prime Minister between 7 July 1994 – 25 October 1994 and 26 September 2001 – 28 March 2002.
- ^ Shavkat Mirziyoyevwas Interim President until 14 December 2016 and was previously Prime Minister between 12 December 2003 – 14 December 2016.
- ^ Prem Tinsulanonda was Regent of Thailand from 13 October 2016 – 1 December 2016.
- ^ Michel Aoun was previously disputed acting President and Prime Minister between 22 September 1988 – 13 October 1990.
- ^ Nana Akufo-Addo is the son of a former president, Edward Akufo-Addo.
- ^ Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed was previously Prime Minister between 1 November 2010 – 19 June 2011.
- ^ Aleksandar Vučić was previously Prime Minister between 27 April 2014 – 30 May 2017.
- ^ Ilir Meta was previously Prime Minister between 29 October 1999 – 22 February 2002.
- ^ The country was the People's Republic of Angola before 1992.
- ^ Sandra Mason was previously acting Governor-General between 30 May and 1 June 2012.
- ^ Sir Neville Cenac is the brother of former Prime Minister Winston Cenac.
- ^ Sebastián Piñera was previously President between 11 March 2010 – 11 March 2014.
- ^ Julis Maada Bio was Head of State of Sierra Leone (as Leader of the Supreme Council of State) from 16 January 1996 – 29 March 1996.
- ^ Armen Sarkissian was previously Prime Minister between 4 November 1996 – 20 March 1997.
- ^ Milo Đukanović was President between 15 January 1998 – 25 November 2002 (before independence), and Prime Minister between 15 February 1991 – 5 February 1998 (before independence) and again between 8 January 2003 – 10 November 2006 (before independence), and again between 29 February 2008 – 29 December 2010 and again between 4 December 2012 – 28 November 2016.
- ^ Andry Rajoelina was Head of State of Madagascar as President of the High Transitional Authority from 17 March 2009 - 25 January 2014.
- ^ Félix Tshisekedi is the son of former Prime Minister Étienne Tshisekedi
- ^ Gotabaya Rajapaksa is the brother of a former prime minister and president, Mahinda Rajapaksa.
- ^ Abdelmadjid Tebboune was Prime Minister of Algeria from 25 May 2017 – 15 August 2017.
- ^ Haitham bin Tariq is the cousin of the former Sultan Qaboos bin Said.
- ^ David Kabua is the son of former President Amata Kabua.
- ^ Zoran Milanović was Prime Minister of Croatia from 23 December 2011 – 22 January 2016.
- ^ Umaro Sissoco Embaló was Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau from 18 November 2016 – 30 January 2018.
- ^ Luis Lacalle Pou is the son of former President Luis Alberto Lacalle.
- ^ The three-member Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the head of state collectively, with the chairmanship rotating every eight months.
- ^ The seven-member Swiss Federal Council is the head of state collectively, with the presidency rotating every year.
- ^
- ^ Richard Wagner is the Chief Justice of Canada, and is serving as administrator of the Canadian government until a new Governor General is appointed.
- ^ Sadyr Japarov was Acting Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from 6 October 2020 – 10 October 2020, Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from 10 October 2020 – 21 January 2021; and Acting President of Kyrgyzstan from 15 October 2020 – 14 November 2020. Japarov took a leave of absence from the office of Prime Minister from 14 November 2020 – 11 January 2021 to compete in the 2021 Kyrgyz presidential election; Artem Novikov acted for Japarov.
- ^ Arayik Harutyunyan was Prime Minister from 14 September 2007 – 25 September 2017. The country was called the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh until 10 March 2017.