1350s

The 1350s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1350, and ended on December 31, 1359.

Events

1350

January–December

• January 9 – Giovanni II Valente becomes Doge of Genoa.
• May 23 – A number of supporters of William V, Count of Holland, in his power struggle with his mother Margaret I, Countess of Holland, found the Cod League.
• August 29 – Battle of Les Espagnols sur Mer off Winchelsea: An English fleet personally commanded by King Edward III defeats a Castilian fleet.
• September 5 – Conservative noblemen in the County of Holland found the Hook League.
• September (unknown date) The first pestilence dies out.
• November 17 – To pay for the expenses of the revived war with the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa has to subscribe a loan at an interest rate of 10%, from an association of creditors known as the Compera imposita per gerra Venetorum.^[1]

Date unknown

• Hayam Wuruk becomes ruler of the Majapahit Empire.
• The Black Death first appears in Scotland and Sweden.
• The Ayutthaya Kingdom is established by King Ramathibodi I.
• The castle of Rapperswil is largely destroyed by Rudolf Brun, mayor of the city of Zürich.
• The national law of Magnus Erikssons landslag is introduced in Sweden.

1351

January–December

• January 14 – Edward III of England institutes the Treason Act of 1351, defining treason in English law. It is currently one of the earliest statues still in force under English law.
• March 26 – War of the Breton Succession – Combat of the Thirty: Thirty chosen knights each, from the Kingdoms of France and England, fight to determine who will rule the Duchy of Brittany; a Franco-Breton victory is assured by the squire Guillaume de Montauban.
• April 8 – Hundred Years' War – Battle of Taillebourg: The French are defeated by the English.^[2]
• May 1 – Zürich joins the Swiss Confederation.

Date unknown

• King Ramathibodi I ascends the throne in Ayutthaya (now Thailand). He begins to propagate Theravada Buddhism as the state religion.
• King Gongmin ascends the throne in Goryeo.
• Emperor Go-Kōgon of Japan succeeds Emperor Sukō, making them the third and fourth of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders, respectively.
• The Statute of Laborers is enacted by the Parliament of England, to deal with a labor shortage caused by the Black Death.
• Vantaa, Finland is first mentioned.
• Firuz Tughlaq succeeds Mohammad Tughlaq, as Sultan of Delhi.
• The Mongolian-run Yuan dynasty of China is permanently weakened by an uprising, known as the Red Turban Rebellion.
• The Samma Dynasty in Sindh (now part of Pakistan) breaks away from the Delhi Sultanate.
• The Turks cross the Dardanelles into Europe for the first time.

1352

January–December

• June 4 – Glarus joins the Swiss Confederation.
• June 27 – Zug joins the Swiss Confederation.
• October – Byzantine civil war of 1352–57 - Battle of Demotika: Fighting as allies of John VI Kantakouzenos, the Ottoman beylik scores its first victory on European soil, against the Serbs.
• December 18 – Pope Innocent VI succeeds Pope Clement VI as the 199th pope.

Date unknown

• Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta reports the existence of the ngoni and balafon instruments, at the court of Mansa Musa.
• The Sultanate of Bengal is formed after the realms of Satgaon, Lakhnauti and Sonargaon are united under Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah.
• Coming from Hungary, the noble Vlach Dragoş becomes the first voivode of Moldova, being seen as the founder of this principality (some scholars place this moment as early as 1345).
• Following the death of his father Basarab, Nicholas Alexander becomes voivode of Wallachia, after being co-ruler for about eight years.
• Corpus Christi College is founded as a College of the University of Cambridge, by the Guilds of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin Mary.
• Süleyman Pasha, the son of the Ottoman bey, crosses the Bosphorus and seizes Çimpe Castle on the Gallipoli Peninsula, the first European territory held by the Ottoman Empire.^[3]
• Lionel of Antwerp marries Elizabeth, daughter of William de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster.
• William de Ashlee becomes Rector of Maids Moreton, England.
• The town of Biel/Bienne, Switzerland, finalizes its alliance with the city of Bern.
• Reginald de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham becomes a Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter of England.
• The Earldom of Kent becomes extinct.
• The Metropolitan of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church; the Metropolitan of Halych begins to relocate back to Kiev, after having moved to Halych in 1299. Thereafter, the Metropolitan will hold the title of Metropolitan of Kiev-Halych and All Rus.
• After years of begging and being a Buddhist monk, the penniless Chinese peasant Zhu Yuanzhang joins the Red Turban Rebellion against the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China; he will later become the first emperor of the Ming dynasty.

1353

January–December

• March 3 – Bern signs an alliance with the Swiss Confederation.

Date unknown

• The Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta makes the first recorded visit to Timbuktu and Kabara, when returning from a stay in the capital of the Mali Empire.^[4]
• The Decameron is finished by Giovanni Boccaccio.
• The Black Death (1331) subsides.
• The Lan Xang kingdom is founded by Fa Ngum.

1354

January–December

• Early in the year – Ibn Battuta returns from his travels at the command of Abu Inan Faris, sultan of Morocco, who appoints a scribe to write an account of the adventures.
• February 12 – The Treaty of Stralsund settles border disputes between the duchies of Mecklenburg and Pomerania.
• March 2 – The Gallipoli earthquake occurs, followed within a month by Turkish capture and settlement (see Fall of Gallipoli).
• October 8 – Cola di Rienzo, self-proclaimed "tribune" of Rome, is killed by an angry mob.
• December 10 – The reign of John VI Kantakouzenos as Byzantine Emperor is ended, after John V Palaiologos retakes Constantinople and is restored as sole emperor.

Date unknown

• After 24 years of struggling for independence, since the Battle of Posada (1330), won against Hungarians by his father, Nicholas Alexander of Wallachia becomes vassal to Hungarian king Louis I.
• The Ottoman Turks capture the city of Didymoteicho from the Byzantine Empire.
• The Lao kingdom of Lan Xang is established by Fa Ngum.
• Sahab-ud-Din becomes Sultan of Kashmir.
• Assassins strike down Sultan Hassan, and his body is never returned.

1355

• January 6 – Charles IV of Bohemia is crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy as King of Italy in Milan.
• January 7 – King Alphonso IV of Portugal sends three men who kill Inês de Castro, beloved of his son Peter, who revolts and incites a civil war.
• February 10 – St Scholastica Day riot in Oxford, England, breaks out, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead in two days.
• April – Philip II, Prince of Taranto, marries Maria of Calabria, daughter of Charles, Duke of Calabria, and Marie of Valois.
• April 5 – Charles IV is crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome.
• April 18 – In Venice, the Council of Ten beheads Doge Marin Falier, for conspiring to kill them.
• August – Battle of Nesbit Moor: The Scottish army decisively defeats the English.
• September 1 – The old town of Visoki is first mentioned in Tvrtko I of Bosnia's charter in castro nostro Vizoka vocatum.
• October 5–December 2 – Hundred Years' War: Black Prince's chevauchée of 1355: A large mounted Anglo-Gascon force under the command of Edward the Black Prince marches from Bordeaux in English-held Gascony 300 miles (480 km) south to Narbonne and back, devastating a wide swathe of French territory.
• Date unknown – Battle of Ihtiman: The Ottoman Turks defeat the Bulgarian Empire.

1356

January–December

• January 20 – Edward Balliol surrenders his title as King of Scotland, to Edward III of England.
• September 19 – Hundred Years' War – Battle of Poitiers: The English, commanded by Edward, the Black Prince, defeat the French, capturing King John II of France.
• October 17 – Erik XII proclaims himself king of Sweden, in opposition to his father, King Magnus IV. Thus begins a civil war in Sweden between father and son, which will last until Erik's death in 1359.
• October 18 (St Luke's Day) – The Basel earthquake affects northern Switzerland, with a maximum MSK intensity of IX–X (Destructive–Devastating), leaving around 1,000 dead.
• December 25 – Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, promulgates the Golden Bull, a constitution for his empire.

Date unknown

• The city of Lwów is granted Magdeburg rights by Casimir III of Poland.
• The majority of the Great Pyramid of Giza's limestone casing stones are removed by Bahri Sultan An-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din al-Hasan, to build fortresses and mosques in the nearby city of Cairo, leaving the first of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World in the step-stone condition in which it remains today.
• Burnt Candlemas: Edward III of England burns down every town and village in Lothian, Scotland.
• The Hanseatic League, a trading alliance between many cities in northern Europe, is officially founded.
• Ghazan II replaces Anushirwan, as ruler of the Ilkhanate in Persia.
• Zhu Yuanzhang, one of the leaders in the Red Turban Rebellion, captures the city of Nanjing from the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty in China; from then on it becomes his base of power, and the capital of a new dynasty he will establish in 1368, the Ming dynasty.
• The Castelvecchio Bridge in Verona is probably completed this year; its main span of 48.7 m (160 ft) is the world's longest arch at this time.

1357

January–December

• April 28 – Erik Magnusson is recognized as king of most of Sweden, in opposition to his father, King Magnus.^[5]
• May 28 – Peter I becomes King of Portugal, after the death of his father, Alfonso IV.^[6]
• July 9 – Charles Bridge in Prague is founded.^[7]

Date unknown

• King David II of Scotland is released by the English, in return for a ransom.^[8]
• Berdibek succeeds Jani Beg, as Khan of the Blue Horde.^[9]
• Battle of Bubat: The Sundanese royal family is massacred by the Majapahit Army on the orders of Gajah Mada; the death toll includes Sundanese King Lingga Buana and Princess Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi, who commits suicide.
• Rao Kanhadev becomes Rathore ruler of Marwar (now part of India).^[10]
• Influenza is first identified as a disease.^[11]
• The first public exhibition of the Shroud of Turin is recorded.^[12]
• The Blue Horde unseats Ghazan II as the ruler of the Il-Khanate, and appoints their own governor.
• The Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat (Famous Wat Yai) Temple is constructed in Phitsanulok, Thailand.^[13]
• In France, the Estates General passes Étienne Marcel's Great Ordinance in an attempt to impose limits on the monarchy, in particular in fiscal and monetary matters.^[14]

1358

January–December

• February 18 – Treaty of Zadar, between Louis I of Hungary/Croatia and the Republic of Venice: The Venetians lose influence over their former Dalmatian holdings.
• March 16 – King Haakon VI of Norway designates the city of Skien as a city with trading privileges, making it the sixth town with city status in the Norway.
• May 28 – Hundred Years' War – The Jacquerie: A peasant rebellion begins in France, which consumes the Beauvais, and allies with Étienne Marcel's seizure of Paris.
• June 27 – The Republic of Ragusa is founded.
• July 10 – Battle of Mello: The Jacquerie rebellion is defeated by a coalition of nobles, led by Charles II of Navarre.

Date unknown

• Estimation: Nanjing in Mongolian China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Hangzhou in Mongolian China.^[15]
• Mubarazuddin Muhammad, leader of the Arab Muzaffarid tribe, expels the Blue Horde from Ilkhanate territory in Persia. The Muzaffarid then release control of the Il-Khanate, after being marched on by the Mongol Jalayirid tribe, ruled by Shaikh Uvais. Shaikh Uvais becomes the new Il-Khan. The Ilkhanate is effectively now disbanded, and replaced by the Jalayirid dynasty of Persia.
• Shah Shuja overthrows his father, Mubarazuddin Muhammad, as leader of the Muzaffarid tribe.
• Mohammed Shah I becomes Bahmani Sultan of Deccan (now part of southern India) after the death of Sultan Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah.
• Muhammad II as Said becomes ruler of the Marinid Dynasty in present-day Morocco, after the assassination of Abu Inan Faris.

1359

January–December

• May 25 – The French States-General repudiates the terms of the Second Treaty of London, signed earlier in the year between England and France.
• June 21 – Upon the death of Erik Magnusson, his claims to the Swedish throne die with him, and power is restored undivided to his father, King Magnus.
• July 4 – Francesco II Ordelaffi surrenders to the Papal commander, Gil de Albornoz.
• December 19 – The Courts of the Principality of Catalonia are held in Cervera, giving birth to the Deputation the General of Catalonia (Diputació del General de Catalunya), also called Generalitat of Catalonia (Generalitat de Catalunya).

Date unknown

• Berlin joins the Hanseatic League.
• Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol, and her husband, Louis of Bavaria, are absolved from excommunication.
• Abu Salim Ali II overthrows Muhammad II as Said, as ruler of the Merinid Dynasty, in present-day Morocco.
• Bogdan I becomes Prince of Moldavia (now Moldova), after freeing it from Hungarian control. He will be ancestor of the House of Bogdan, who will rule Moldavia for more than three centuries.
• The Zayanids under Abu Hamuw II recapture Algeria.
• Shah Mahmud overthrows his brother, Shah Shuja, as leader of the Muzaffarid tribe in Persia.
• Qulpa becomes Khan of the Blue Horde, after the death of Berdi Beg.
• Ismail II overthrows his uncle, Muhammed V, as King of Granada (in present-day Spain).
• Ananda Patel (considered common ancestor for most of current population of Bhadran) moved to Bhadran from Anklav.
• probable date – Battle of Megara: A Christian coalition defeats a Turkish raider fleet.

Births

1350

• January 23 – Vincent Ferrer, Valencian missionary and saint (d. 1419)
• April 13 – Margaret III, Countess of Flanders (d. 1405)
• June 27 – Manuel II Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1425)
• October 12 – Dmitri Donskoi, Grand Duke of Muscovy and Vladimir (d. 1389)
• November 25 – Katherine Swynford, mistress of John of Gaunt (approximate date; d. 1403)
• December 27 – John I of Aragon (d. 1396)
• date unknown
  • Jehuda Cresques, Catalan cartographer (d. 1427)
  • Agnolo Gaddi, Italian painter (d. 1396)
  • William Gascoigne, Chief Justice of England (approximate date; d. 1419)
  • Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent (d. 1397)
  • John Montacute, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (approximate date; d. 1400)
  • Madhava of Sangamagrama, Indian mathematician (d. 1425)
  • John I Stanley of the Isle of Man (approximate date; d. 1414)
  • Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić (d. 1415)
  • William le Scrope, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (d. 1399)
  • Andrew of Wyntoun, Scottish historian (d. 1420)
  • Záviš von Zap, Czech theologian and composer (d. c. 1411)

1351

• October 16 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti, first Duke of Milan (d. 1402)
• November 1 – Leopold III, Duke of Austria (d. 1386)
• Princess Joan of France (d. 1371)
• probable – Władysław II Jagiełło, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland (d. 1434)

1352

• May 5 – Rupert of Germany, Count Palatine of the Rhine (d. 1410)
• Elizabeth of Slavonia, Latin empress consort of Constantinople
• date unknown
  • John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter (d. 1400)
  • Vytautas the Great, Grand Duke of Lithuania (d. 1430)

1353

• March – Margaret I of Denmark, queen of Haakon VI of Norway (d. 1412)
• July 15 – Vladimir the Bold, Russian prince (d. 1410)
• date unknown
  • Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1414)
  • Helvis of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, queen consort of Armenia and Cyprus (d. 1421)
  • John Purvey, English scholar and Bible translator (d. 1428)

1354

• Constance of Castile, wife of John of Gaunt (d. 1394)
• Denis, Lord of Cifuentes, infante of Portugal (d. c.1397)
• Alonso Enríquez, Spanish nobleman (d. 1429)
• Frederick III, Count of Moers, German nobleman (d. 1417)
• Gilbert de Greenlaw, Scottish bishop (d. 1421)
• Jean de Grouchy, Norman knight (k. 1435)
• Margaret of Joinville, French noblewoman (d. 1418)
• Thomas de Morley, 4th Baron Morley, English nobleman (d. 1416)
• Eric IV, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (d. 1411/12)
• Roger de Scales, 4th Baron Scales, English nobleman (d. 1387)
• Catherine of Vendôme, French noblewoman (d. 1412)
• Violante Visconti, Italian noblewoman (d. 1386)
• Walram IV, Count of Nassau-Idstein, German nobleman (d. 1393)

1355

• January 7 – Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, son of King Edward III of England (d. 1397)
• August 16 – Philippa Plantagenet, Countess of Ulster (d. 1382)
• probable
  • Acamapichtli, 1st tlatoani (monarch) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City), 1375-1395 (d. 1395)^[16]
  • Manuel Chrysoloras, Byzantine humanist (d. 1415)
  • Konrad von Jungingen, German 25th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
  • Gemistus Pletho, Greek scholar
  • Foelke Kampana, Frisian lady and regent (d. 1418)
  • Mircea I of Wallachia (d. 1418)

1356

• July 29 – Martin of Aragon (d. 1410)
• date unknown – Robert IV of Artois, Count of Eu (d. 1387)
  • Ingegerd Knutsdotter, Swedish abbess (d. 1412)

1357

• April 11 – King John I of Portugal (d. 1433)^[17]
• date unknown
  • Art mac Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh, King of Leinster (d. 1417)
  • Hugo von Montfort, Austrian minstrel (d. 1423)
  • Anna of Trebizond, Queen of Georgia (d. 1406)
  • Fang Xiaoru, Confucian scholar (d. 1402)
  • Je Tsongkhapa, founder of the Geluk school of Tibetan Buddhism (d. 1419)

1358

• February 20 – Eleanor of Aragon, queen of John I of Castile (d. 1382)
• August 24 – King John I of Castile (d. 1390)
• September 25 – Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1408)
• date unknown
  • Ide Pedersdatter Falk, Danish noblewoman (d. 1399)
  • Anne of Auvergne, Sovereign Dauphine of Auvergne and Countess of Forez (d. 1417)

1359

• January 11 – Emperor Go-En'yū of Japan (d. 1393)
• July 15 – Antonio Correr, Spanish cardinal (d. 1445)
• probable – Owain Glyndŵr, last Welsh Prince of Wales (d. 1416)

Deaths

1350

• January 6 – Giovanni I di Murta, second doge of the Republic of Genoa
• March 26 or 27 March – Alfonso XI of Castile (b. 1311)
• August 22 – Philip VI of France (b. 1293)
• November 19 – Raoul II of Brienne, Count of Eu
• December 26 – Jean de Marigny, French bishop
• date unknown – Maol Íosa V, Earl of Strathearn, last Gaelic Mormaer of Strathearn
• probable
  • Juan Ruiz, Archpriest of Hita (b. c. 1283)
  • Margaret, Countess of Soissons
  • Namdev, Marathi saint and poet (b. 1270)

1351

• February 13 – Kō no Morofuyu, Japanese general
• March 20 – Muhammad bin Tughluq, Sultan of Delhi
• March 25
  • Kō no Moronao, Japanese samurai
  • Kō no Moroyasu, Japanese samurai
• May 24 – Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman, Sultan of Morocco (b. 1297)
• June 20 – Margareta Ebner, German nun (b. 1291)
• November 15 – Joanna of Pfirt, duchess consort of Austria

1352

• September 15 – Ewostatewos, Ethiopian monk and religious leader (b. 1273)
• December 6 – Pope Clement VI (b. 1291)
• date unknown
  • Matthias of Arras, French architect (b. 1290)
  • Elizabeth of Carinthia, Queen of Sicily, regent of Sicily (b. 1298)
  • William de Ros, 3rd Baron de Ros (b. 1325)
  • Basarab I of Wallachia
  • Al-Hakim II, Caliph of Cairo
  • Laurence Minot, English poet (b. 1300)
  • Archbishop Vasilii Kalika of Novgorod
  • Yoshida Kenkō, Japanese monk and author (b. 1283)

1353

• February 2 – Anne of Bavaria, queen consort of Bohemia (b. 1329)
• March 6 – Roger Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Ruthyn
• March 11 – Theognostus, metropolitan of Kiev and Moscow
• April 27 – Simeon of Russia, Grand Prince of Moscow and Vladimir
• October 4 – Rudolf II, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1306)
• November or December – Togha Temür, claimant to the throne of the Mongol Il-Khanate in Persia (assassinated)
• date unknown
  • Matilda, daughter of King Robert the Bruce of Scotland
  • Elisabeth of Austria, Duchess of Lorraine, regent of Lorraine
  • Sir Ulick Burke, Irish nobleman

1354

• January 8 – Charles de La Cerda (b. 1327)
• January 16 – Joanna of Châtillon, Duchess of Athens (b. c. 1285)

• June 1 – Kitabatake Chikafusa (b. 1293)

• August 9 – Stephen, Duke of Slavonia, Hungarian prince (b. 1332)
• September 7 – Andrea Dandolo, doge of Venice (b. 1306)^[18]

• October 5 – Giovanni Visconti, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1290)
• October 8 – Cola di Rienzo, Roman tribune (b. c. 1313)
• October 19 – Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada (b. 1318)

• date unknown – Wu Zhen, Chinese painter (b. 1280)

1355

• January 7 – Inês de Castro, lover of King Peter I of Portugal (murdered) (b. 1325)
• April 17 – Marin Falier, Doge of Venice (b. 1285)
• April 22 – Eleanor of Woodstock, countess regent of Guelders, eldest daughter of King Edward II of England (b. 1318)^[19]
• August 3 – Bartholomew de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh
• October 16 – Louis of Sicily
• December 5 – John III, Duke of Brabant (b. 1300)
• December 20 – Stefan Uroš IV Dušan, Emperor of Serbia
• date unknown – Bettina d'Andrea, Italian lawyer and professor

1356

• June 23 – Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut (b. 1311)
• September 19 (killed at the Battle of Poitiers):
  • Peter I, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1311)
  • Walter VI, Count of Brienne, Constable of France (b. 1304)
• date unknown
  • Harihara I, founder of the Vijayanagara Empire
  • Zheng Yunduan, Chinese poet (b. c. 1327)

1357

• January 18 – Maria of Portugal, infanta (b. 1313)
• May 28 – King Afonso IV of Portugal (b. 1291)
• July 13 – Bartolus de Saxoferrato, Italian jurist (b. 1313)
• date unknown
  • Ziauddin Barani, historian and political thinker of the Delhi Sultanate (b. 1285)
  • Jani Beg, Khan of the Blue Horde
  • Kazerouni, Masoud, Persian physician
  • Rao Tida, Rathore ruler of Marwar

1358

• January 6 – Gertrude van der Oosten, Dutch beguine
• January 10 – Abu Inan Faris, Marinid ruler of Morocco (b. 1329)
• February 11 – Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, first Bahmani Sultan of Deccan
• June 7 – Ashikaga Takauji, Japanese shōgun (b. 1305)
• July 31 – Étienne Marcel, Provost of the merchants of Paris
• August 16 – Albert II, Duke of Austria (b. 1298)
• August 22 – Isabella of France, queen of Edward II of England (b. 1295)
• November – Gregory of Rimini, Italian philosopher
• date unknown
  • Brian MacCathmhaoil, Irish Bishop of Clogher
  • Guillaume Caillet, French peasant revolutionary (executed)

1359

• June 21 – Erik Magnusson, king of Sweden since 1356 (b. 1339)
• October 10 – King Hugh IV of Cyprus (b. 1310)
• October 25 – Beatrice of Castile, queen consort of Portugal (b. 1293)
• November 13 – Ivan II of Russia, Grand Duke of Moscovy (b. 1326)^[20]
• December 14 – Cangrande II della Scala, Lord of Verona (b. 1332)
• date unknown – Jeanne de Clisson, French noblewoman and privateer (b. 1300)^[21]

References