1961 in science

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The year 1961 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration

January 31 – Ham, a 37-pound male chimpanzee, is rocketed into space in a test of the Project Mercury capsule designed to carry U.S. astronauts into space.
April 12 – Yuri Gagarin is the first human in space, making a single Low Earth orbit in Vostok 1 before parachuting to the ground.
April 15 – R. N. Schwartz and Charles Hard Townes publish "Interstellar and Interplanetary Communication by Optical Masers" in Nature, providing a basis for Optical SETI.
May 19 – Venera program: Venera 1 becomes the first manmade object to fly-by another planet by passing Venus (however the probe had lost contact with earth a month earlier and does not send back any data).
May 25 – Apollo program: President Kennedy announces before a special joint session of Congress his goal to initiate a project to put a "man on the moon" before the end of the decade.
The Drake equation is written by Frank Drake.

Biochemistry

Cephalosporin C is first characterized, by Guy Newton and Edward Abraham of the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology in the University of Oxford.^[1]

Biology

February 24 – Brattleboro rat strain first born.
May 15 – J. Heinrich Matthaei performs the Poly-U-Experiment in the United States, opening the way to solution of the genetic code, a key event in modern genetics.^[2]
Hayflick limit proposed by Leonard Hayflick.^[3]

Chemistry

Leonard Ornstein first describes disc electrophoresis.^[4]^[5]

Computer science

July – Rolf Landauer first formulates Landauer's principle.^[6]

Geophysics

April – Project Mohole begins.
Francis Birch establishes Birch's law on compressional wave velocities.^[7]^[8]

Mathematics

Stephen Smale proves the Poincaré conjecture in dimensions greater than 4.^[9]

Medicine

March 9 – The United Kingdom Minister of Health, Enoch Powell, in his "water towers" speech to a Conservative Party conference, proposes closing down of large, traditional psychiatric hospitals in favour of more community-based care.^[10]
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is first discovered, in the United Kingdom.
New Zealand cardiologist J. C. P. Williams identifies Williams syndrome.^[11]

Pharmacology

The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Ibuprofen, derived from propanoic acid by the research arm of Boots UK (Andrew R. M. Dunlop with Stewart Adams, John Nicholson, Vonleigh Simmons, Jeff Wilson and Colin Burrows), is patented.^[12]^[13]
Thalidomide is withdrawn from sale.

Physics

February 14 – Discovery of the chemical elements: Element 103, Lawrencium, is first synthesized at Berkeley, California.
October 30 – The largest nuclear weapon by yield, Tsar Bomba, is detonated in Russia, having a 50-megaton yield.
Bark scale by German acoustics scientist Eberhard Zwicker.
Spain joins CERN; Yugoslavia leaves.

Psychology

July – First Milgram experiment on obedience to authority figures.

Technology

June – RPG-7 rocket-propelled grenade launcher introduced in the Soviet Union.
James L. Buie patents transistor-coupled transistor logic, later known as transistor-to-transistor logic circuitry (TTL), used in integrated circuits.^[14]
Butler matrix for beamforming first proposed.^[15]

Zoology

April 3 – A Leadbeater's possum, a marsupial species thought to have been extinct for over 50 years, is discovered in New South Wales (Australia).
April 29 – World Wildlife Fund established.
November 9 – First edition of new International Code of Zoological Nomenclature published.

Awards

Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Robert Hofstadter, Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer
- Chemistry – Melvin Calvin
- Medicine – Georg von Békésy

Births

February 24 – Ellen Stofan, American planetary scientist.
March 10 – Laurel Clark (died 2003), American astronaut.
July 1 – Kalpana Chawla (died 2003), Indian astronaut.
Andreas Weigend, German data scientist.
Zhang Xu, Chinese neuroscientist.

Deaths

January 4
- Samuel Aggrey (born 1887), Ghanaian physicist.
- Erwin Schrödinger (born 1887), Austrian physicist.
May 29 – Arnold Gesell (born 1880), American developmental psychologist.
June 4 – William Astbury (born 1898), English physicist and molecular biologist.
June 6 – Carl Jung (born 1875), Swiss psychiatrist.
July 17 – Abner Doble (born 1890), American steam engineer.
September 4 – Emil von Dungern (born 1867), German serologist.
November 15 – Johanna Westerdijk (born 1883), Dutch plant pathologist.
Sven Sømme (born 1904), Norwegian ichthyologist and resistance worker.

References

^ Abraham, E. P.; Newton, G. G. F. (May 1961). "Structure of cephalosporin C". Biochemical Journal. 79 (2): 377–393. doi:10.1042/bj0790377. PMC 1205850. PMID 13681080.
^ Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg (2001). Experimentalsysteme – Eine Geschichte der Proteinsynthese im Reagenzglas. Wallstein. ISBN 978-3-89244-454-1.
^ Hayflick, L.; Moorhead, P. S. (1961). "The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains". Experimental Cell Research. 25 (3): 585–621. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(61)90192-6. PMID 13905658.
^ "Disc Electrophoresis". Archived from the original on 2011-09-26. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
^ Ornstein, Leonard (1964). "Disc Electrophoresis". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 121 (2): 321–349. Bibcode:1964NYASA.121..321O. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.140.7598. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1964.tb14207.x. PMID 14240533.
^ Landauer, R. (1961). "Irreversibility and Heat Generation in the Computing Process" (PDF). IBM Journal of Research and Development. 5 (3): 183–191. doi:10.1147/rd.53.0183. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
^ Birch, Francis (1961). "The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kilobars. Part 2" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 66 (7): 2199–2224. Bibcode:1961JGR....66.2199B. doi:10.1029/JZ066i007p02199.
^ Birch, Francis (1961). "Composition of the Earth's mantle". Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 4: 295–311. Bibcode:1961GeoJ....4..295B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1961.tb06821.x.
^ Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
^ "1960s". NHS Timeline. Nuffield Trust. Retrieved 2018-08-14.
^ Lenhoff, Howard M.; Teele, Rita L.; Clarkson, Patricia M.; Berdon, Walter E. (2010). "John C. P. Williams of Williams-Beuren syndrome". Pediatric Radiology. 41 (2): 267–269. doi:10.1007/s00247-010-1909-y. ISSN 0301-0449. PMID 21107555.
^ Adams, S. S. (1992). "The propionic acids: A personal perspective". The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 32 (4): 317–323. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1992.tb03842.x. PMID 1569234.
^ "The story of Ibuprofen". Nottingham: BBC. 2009-07-22. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
^ Lee, J. A. N. (2013). "Computer Pioneers". James L. Buie. IEEE Computer Society. Retrieved 2015-11-14. While working for TRW, Inc., Los Angeles, in the early 1960s, Buie developed and patented TTL circuitry, which became the dominant IC technology in the 1970s and early 1980s.
^ Butler, J.; Lowe, R. (1961). "Beam forming matrix simplifiers design of electrically scanned antennas". Electronic Design.

[1] Abraham, E. P.; Newton, G. G. F. (May 1961). "Structure of cephalosporin C". Biochemical Journal. 79 (2): 377–393. doi:10.1042/bj0790377. PMC 1205850. PMID 13681080.

[2] Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg (2001). Experimentalsysteme – Eine Geschichte der Proteinsynthese im Reagenzglas. Wallstein. ISBN 978-3-89244-454-1.

[3] Hayflick, L.; Moorhead, P. S. (1961). "The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains". Experimental Cell Research. 25 (3): 585–621. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(61)90192-6. PMID 13905658.

[4] "Disc Electrophoresis". Archived from the original on 2011-09-26. Retrieved 2011-10-16.

[5] Ornstein, Leonard (1964). "Disc Electrophoresis". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 121 (2): 321–349. Bibcode:1964NYASA.121..321O. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.140.7598. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1964.tb14207.x. PMID 14240533.

[6] Landauer, R. (1961). "Irreversibility and Heat Generation in the Computing Process" (PDF). IBM Journal of Research and Development. 5 (3): 183–191. doi:10.1147/rd.53.0183. Retrieved 2015-10-15.

[7] Birch, Francis (1961). "The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kilobars. Part 2" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 66 (7): 2199–2224. Bibcode:1961JGR....66.2199B. doi:10.1029/JZ066i007p02199.

[8] Birch, Francis (1961). "Composition of the Earth's mantle". Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 4: 295–311. Bibcode:1961GeoJ....4..295B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1961.tb06821.x.

[9] Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.

[10] "1960s". NHS Timeline. Nuffield Trust. Retrieved 2018-08-14.

[11] Lenhoff, Howard M.; Teele, Rita L.; Clarkson, Patricia M.; Berdon, Walter E. (2010). "John C. P. Williams of Williams-Beuren syndrome". Pediatric Radiology. 41 (2): 267–269. doi:10.1007/s00247-010-1909-y. ISSN 0301-0449. PMID 21107555.

[12] Adams, S. S. (1992). "The propionic acids: A personal perspective". The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 32 (4): 317–323. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1992.tb03842.x. PMID 1569234.

[13] "The story of Ibuprofen". Nottingham: BBC. 2009-07-22. Retrieved 2012-08-13.

[14] Lee, J. A. N. (2013). "Computer Pioneers". James L. Buie. IEEE Computer Society. Retrieved 2015-11-14. While working for TRW, Inc., Los Angeles, in the early 1960s, Buie developed and patented TTL circuitry, which became the dominant IC technology in the 1970s and early 1980s.

[15] Butler, J.; Lowe, R. (1961). "Beam forming matrix simplifiers design of electrically scanned antennas". Electronic Design.

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