1880 in science

	1871; 1872; 1873; 1874; 1875; 1876; ; 1877; 1878; 1879; 1880; 1881; 1882; 1883; ; 1884; 1885; 1886; 1887; 1888; 1889;
	Art; Archaeology; Architecture; Literature; Music; Philosophy;

The year 1880 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.

Astronomy

September 30 – American doctor Henry Draper takes the first photograph of the Orion Nebula, from Hastings-on-Hudson, New York; this year he also photographs the spectrum of Jupiter.

Mathematics

F. Landry finds the largest known Fermat prime, 65537.
John Venn popularises Venn diagrams.^[1]^[2]

Medicine

Moritz Kaposi publishes Pathologie und Therapie der Hautkrankheiten in Vorlesungen für praktische Ärzte und Studierende ("Pathology and treatment of diseases of the skin, for practitioners and students"), a significant textbook in dermatology.^[3]
German professor of pathology Karl Eberth first visualizes the bacteria which will become known as Salmonella in the Peyer's patches and spleens of typhoid patients.^[4]
English surgeon Sampson Gamgee reports on his use of the medical dressing Gamgee Tissue.^[5]
Scottish surgeon William Macewen reports on his use of orotracheal intubation as an alternative to tracheotomy.^[6]

Physics

February 13 – Thomas Edison observes the Edison effect.
The first demonstration of the direct piezoelectric effect is made by the brothers Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie.^[7]
Johannes Diderik van der Waals formulates the Law of Corresponding States.

Technology

February 19 – The photophone, an optical speech transmission system, is invented by Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter in Washington, D.C.
Dugald Clerk builds the first successful two-stroke engine.^[8]

Publications

February – The journal Science is first published in the United States with financial backing from Thomas Edison.
Start of publication of Report Of The Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76.

Awards

Births

January 18 – Paul Ehrenfest (died 1933), Austrian physicist and mathematician.
February 17 – Reginald Farrer (died 1920), English botanist.
June 21 – Arnold Gesell (died 1961), American developmental psychologist.
June 24 – Oswald Veblen (died 1960), American mathematician.
August 17 – Paul Kammerer (died 1926), Austrian Lamarckian biologist.
October 15 – Marie Stopes (died 1958), English paleobotanist and pioneer of birth control.

Deaths

January 9 – William Budd (born 1811), English physician and epidemiologist.
May 6 – Friedrich Bayer (born 1825), German manufacturing chemist.
July 9 – Paul Broca (born 1824), French anthropologist.
December 31 – John Stenhouse (born 1809), Scottish chemist.

References

^ Venn, John (July 1880). "I. On the Diagrammatic and Mechanical Representation of Propositions and Reasonings" (PDF). The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 5. 10 (59): 1–18. doi:10.1080/14786448008626877. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-16. [1] [2]
^ Sandifer, Ed (2003). "How Euler Did It" (PDF). MAA Online. The Mathematical Association of America (MAA). Retrieved 2009-10-26.
^ Holubar, Karl; Fatovic-Ferencic, Stella. "Moriz Kaposi 1837-1902: a historical reappraisal". Archived from the original on 2007-05-07. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
^ Eberth, C. J. (1880-07-01). "Die Organismen in den Organen bei Typhus abdominalis". Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin (in German). 81 (1): 58–74. doi:10.1007/BF01995472. ISSN 0720-8723.
^ Gamgee, J. S. (1880-01-24). "Absorbent and medicated surgical dressings". The Lancet. 115 (2943): 127–128. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)36703-5.
^ Macewen, William (1880-07-24). "Clinical Observations on the Introduction of Tracheal Tubes by the Mouth, Instead of Performing Tracheotomy or Laryngotomy". The British Medical Journal. 2 (1021): 122–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1021.122. JSTOR 25254413. PMC 2241154. PMID 20749630.; Macewen, William (1880-07-31). "Clinical Observations on the Introduction of Tracheal Tubes by the Mouth, Instead of Performing Tracheotomy or Laryngotomy". BMJ. 2 (1022): 163–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1022.163. JSTOR 25254466. PMC 2241109. PMID 20749636.
^ Curie, Jacques; Pierre (1880) "Développement par compression de l’électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées" [Development, via compression, of electric polarization in hemihedral crystals with inclined faces], Bulletin de la Société minérologique de France 3: 90-93. Reprinted in: Curie, Jacques; Pierre (1880) "Développement, par pression, de l’électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 91: 294-295. See also: Curie, Jacques; Pierre (1880) "Sur l’électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées" [On electric polarization in hemihedral crystals with inclined faces], Comptes rendus 91: 383-386.
^ Boothroyd, David. "Forgotten Hero: The man who invented the two-stroke engine". The VU. Archived from the original on 2004-12-15. Retrieved 2005-01-19.
^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.

[1] Venn, John (July 1880). "I. On the Diagrammatic and Mechanical Representation of Propositions and Reasonings" (PDF). The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 5. 10 (59): 1–18. doi:10.1080/14786448008626877. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-16. [1] [2]

[Sandifer2003-2] Sandifer, Ed (2003). "How Euler Did It" (PDF). MAA Online. The Mathematical Association of America (MAA). Retrieved 2009-10-26.

[3] Holubar, Karl; Fatovic-Ferencic, Stella. "Moriz Kaposi 1837-1902: a historical reappraisal". Archived from the original on 2007-05-07. Retrieved 2011-03-25.

[4] Eberth, C. J. (1880-07-01). "Die Organismen in den Organen bei Typhus abdominalis". Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin (in German). 81 (1): 58–74. doi:10.1007/BF01995472. ISSN 0720-8723.

[5] Gamgee, J. S. (1880-01-24). "Absorbent and medicated surgical dressings". The Lancet. 115 (2943): 127–128. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)36703-5.

[6] Macewen, William (1880-07-24). "Clinical Observations on the Introduction of Tracheal Tubes by the Mouth, Instead of Performing Tracheotomy or Laryngotomy". The British Medical Journal. 2 (1021): 122–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1021.122. JSTOR 25254413. PMC 2241154. PMID 20749630.; Macewen, William (1880-07-31). "Clinical Observations on the Introduction of Tracheal Tubes by the Mouth, Instead of Performing Tracheotomy or Laryngotomy". BMJ. 2 (1022): 163–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1022.163. JSTOR 25254466. PMC 2241109. PMID 20749636.

[7] Curie, Jacques; Pierre (1880) "Développement par compression de l’électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées" [Development, via compression, of electric polarization in hemihedral crystals with inclined faces], Bulletin de la Société minérologique de France 3: 90-93. Reprinted in: Curie, Jacques; Pierre (1880) "Développement, par pression, de l’électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 91: 294-295. See also: Curie, Jacques; Pierre (1880) "Sur l’électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées" [On electric polarization in hemihedral crystals with inclined faces], Comptes rendus 91: 383-386.

[8] Boothroyd, David. "Forgotten Hero: The man who invented the two-stroke engine". The VU. Archived from the original on 2004-12-15. Retrieved 2005-01-19.

[9] "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.

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