List of state leaders in 1912

This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 1912.

Africa

Dervish state (unrecognized state) –
- Monarch - Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, Leader of the Dervish State (1896–1920)
Ethiopia –
- Monarch - Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia (1889–1913)
- Chief Minister - Habte Giyorgis Dinagde, Chief Minister of Ethiopia (1909–1927)
Liberia –
- President -
  1. Arthur Barclay, President of Liberia (1904–1912)
  2. Daniel E. Howard, President of Liberia (1912–1920)
Morocco –
- became protectorate of France on 30 March 1912
- Monarch - Abd al-Hafid of Morocco, Sultan of Morocco (1908–1912)
South Africa –
- Monarch – George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor-General - Viscount Gladstone, Governor-General of South Africa (1910–1914)
- Prime Minister - Louis Botha, Prime Minister of South Africa (1910–1919)
Wadai Empire –
- disestablished in 1912
- Monarch - 'Asil, Kolak of Wadai (1909–1912)

Asia

Afghanistan
- Monarch -
  1. Habibullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (1901–1919)
  2. Jehandad Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (May 1912; ruled only in Khost)
Asir –
- Monarch - Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi, Emir of Asir (1909–1923)
Bukhara – Monarch - Mohammed Alim Khan, Emir of Bukhara (1911–1920)
China –
- Qing dynasty –
  - dissolved on 12 February 1912
  - Emperor - Puyi, Emperor of China (1908–1912)
  - Regent - Empress Dowager Longyu, Empress Dowager of China (1908–1912)
  - Premier - Yuan Shikai, Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet (1911–1912)
- Beiyang Government –
  - established on 1 January 1912
  - President -
    1. Sun Yat-sen, President of China (1912)
    2. Yuan Shikai, President of China (1912–1915)
  - Premier -
    1. Tang Shaoyi, Premier of the Republic of China (1912)
    2. Lou Tseng-Tsiang, Premier of the Republic of China (1912)
    3. Zhao Bingjun, Premier of the Republic of China (1912–1913)
- Mongolia –
  - Monarch - Bogd Khan, Khan of the Bogd Khanate (1911–1919)
  - Prime Minister - Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren, Prime Minister of Mongolia (1912–1919)
Hejaz (unrecognized state) –
- Monarch - Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca (1908–1924)^[1]
Jabal Shammar –
- Monarch - Saud bin Abdulaziz, Emir of Jabal Shammar (1910–1920)
Japan –
- Monarch -
  1. Mutsuhito, Emperor of Japan (1867–1912)
  2. Yoshihito, Emperor of Japan (1912–1926)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Saionji Kinmochi, Prime Minister of Japan (1911–1912)
  2. Katsura Tarō, Prime Minister of Japan (1912–1913)
Khiva –
- Monarch - Isfandiyar Jurji Bahadur, Khan of Khiva (1910–1918)
Muscat and Oman –
- Monarch - Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (1888–1913)
Nejd and Hasa –
- Monarch - Ibn Saud, Emir of Nejd and Hasa (1902–1953)^[2]
Nepal –
- Monarch - Tribhuvan, King of Nepal (1911–1950)
- Prime Minister - Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski, Prime Minister of Nepal (1901–1929)
Ottoman Empire –
- Monarch - Mehmed V, Emperor of the Ottomans (1909–1918)
- Head of Government -
  1. Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1911–1912)
  2. Ahmed Muhtar Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1912)
  3. Kâmil Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1912–1913)
Persia –
- Monarch - Ahmad Shah Qajar, Shah of Persia (1909–1925)
- Regent - Nasir al-Mulk, Regent of Persia (1910–1914)
- Prime Minister - Najaf-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari, Prime Minister of Persia (1911–1913)
Rajpipla State - Chhatrasinhji (1897-1915)
Siam
- Monarch – Vajiravudh, King of Siam (1910–1925)

Europe

Albania (unrecognized state) –
- declared independence on 28 November 1912
- Prime Minister - Ismail Qemali, Chairman of the Provisional Government of Albania (1912–1914)
Andorra –
- Monarchs -
  - French Co-Prince - Armand Fallières, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1906–1913)
    - Co-Prince's Representative - Charles Romeu (1887–1933)
  - Episcopal Co-Prince - Juan Benlloch i Vivó, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1907–1919)
    - Co-Prince's Representative - Francesc Pallerola i Gabriel (1886–1915)
- First Syndic -
  1. Bonaventura Maestre, First Syndic of Andorra (1911–1912)
  2. Bonaventura Moles, First Syndic of Andorra (1912–1915)
Austria-Hungary –
- Monarch - Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1848-1916)
- Heads of Government -
  - Cisleithania (Austria) - Karl von Stürgkh, Minister-President of Austria (1911–1916)
  - Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen (Hungary) -
    1. Károly Khuen-Héderváry, Prime Minister of Hungary (1910–1912)
    2. László Lukács, Prime Minister of Hungary (1912–1913)
Belgium –
- Monarch - Albert I, King of the Belgians (1909–1934)
- Prime Minister - Count Charles de Broqueville, Cabinet Chief of Belgium (1911–1918)
Bulgaria –
- Monarch - Ferdinand I, Tsar of the Bulgarians (1887–1918)^[3]
- Premier - Ivan Evstratiev Geshov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1911–1913)
Denmark –
- Monarch -
  1. Frederick VIII, King of Denmark (1906–1912)
  2. Christian X, King of Denmark (1912–1947)
- Prime Minister - Klaus Berntsen, Council President of Denmark (1910–1913)
France –
- President - Armand Fallières, President of France (1906–1913)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Joseph Caillaux, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1911–1912)
  2. Raymond Poincaré, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1912–1913)
Germany –
- Monarch - Wilhelm II, German Emperor (1888–1918)
- Head of Government - Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, Chancellor of Germany (1909–1917)
Greece –
- Monarch - George I, King of the Hellenes (1863–1913)
- Prime Minister - Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime Minister of Greece (1910–1915)
Holy See –
- Monarch - Pope Pius X, Pope (1903–1914)
- Secretary of State - Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val, Cardinal Secretary of State (1903–1914)
Icaria (unrecognized state) –
- from 18 July 1912 to November 1912
- President - Ioannis Malahias, President of the Free State of Icaria (1912)
Italy –
- Monarch - Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
- Prime Minister - Giovanni Giolitti, Prime Minister of Italy (1911–1914)
Liechtenstein –
- Monarch - Johann II, Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein (1859–1929)
Luxembourg –
- Monarch -
  1. William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1905–1912)
  2. Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1912–1919)
- Regent - Grand Duchess Marie Anne, Regent of Luxembourg (1908–1912)
- Prime Minister - Paul Eyschen, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1888–1915)
Monaco –
- Monarch - Albert I, Sovereign Prince of Monaco (1889–1922)
- Head of Government - Émile Flach, Acting Minister of State of Monaco (1911–1917)
Montenegro –
- Monarch - Nicholas I, King of Montenegro (1860–1918)^[4]
- Prime Minister -
  1. Lazar Tomanović, Prime Minister of Montenegro (1907–1912)
  2. Mitar Martinović, Prime Minister of Montenegro (1912–1913)
Netherlands –
- Monarch - Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)^[5]
- Prime Minister - Theo Heemskerk, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1908–1913)
Norway –
- Monarch - Haakon VII, King of Norway (1905–1957)^[5]
- Prime Minister -
  1. Wollert Konow, Prime Minister of Norway (1910–1912)
  2. Jens Bratlie, Prime Minister of Norway (1912–1913)
Portugal –
- President - Manuel de Arriaga, President of Portugal (1911–1915)
- Head of Government -
  1. Augusto de Vasconcelos, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1911–1912)
  2. Duarte Leite, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1912–1913)
Romania –
- Monarch - Carol I, King of Romania (1866–1914)
- Premier -
  1. Petre P. Carp, Prime Minister of Romania (1910–1912)
  2. Titu Maiorescu, Prime Minister of Romania (1912–1914)
Russian Empire –
- Emperor - Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia (1894–1917)
- Prime Minister - Vladimir Kokovtsov, Prime Minister of Russia (1911–1914)
San Marino –
- Captains Regent -
  1. Onofrio Fattori and Angelo Manzoni Borghesi, Captains Regent of San Marino (1911–1912)
  2. Gustavo Babboni and Francesco Pasquali, Captains Regent of San Marino (1912)
  3. Menetto Bonelli and Vincenzo Marcucci, Captains Regent of San Marino (1912–1913)
Serbia –
- Monarch - Peter I, King of Serbia (1903–1918)^[6]
- Prime Minister -
  1. Milovan Milovanović, President of the Ministerial Council of Serbia (1911–1912)
  2. Marko Trifković, President of the Ministerial Council of Serbia (1912)
  3. Nikola Pašić, President of the Ministerial Council of Serbia (1912–1918)
Spain –
- Monarch - Alfonso XIII, King of Spain (1886–1931)
- Prime Minister -
  1. José Canalejas, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1910–1912)
  2. Manuel García-Prieto, Acting President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1912)
  3. Álvaro de Figueroa, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1912–1913)
Sweden –
- Monarch – Gustaf V, King of Sweden (1907–1950)
- Prime Minister - Karl Staaff, Prime Minister of Sweden (1911–1914)
Switzerland –
- Federal Council:^[7]
  Adolf Deucher (1883–1912), Eduard Müller (1895–1919), Robert Comtesse (1899–1912), Marc-Émile Ruchet (1899–1912), Ludwig Forrer (1902-1917, President), Arthur Hoffmann (1911–1917), Giuseppe Motta (1911–1940), Louis Perrier (1912–1913), Camille Decoppet (1912–1919), Edmund Schulthess (1912–1935)
United Kingdom –
- Monarch - George V, King of the United Kingdom (1910–1936)
- Prime Minister - H. H. Asquith, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1908–1916)

North America

Canada –
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor General - Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, Governor General of Canada (1911–1916)
- Prime Minister - Sir Robert Borden, Prime Minister of Canada (1911–1920)
Costa Rica –
- President - Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno, President of Costa Rica (1910–1914)
Cuba –
- President - José Miguel Gómez, President of Cuba (1909–1913)
Dominican Republic –
- President -
  1. Eladio Victoria, Provisional President of the Dominican Republic (1911–1912)
  2. Adolfo Alejandro Nouel, Provisional President of the Dominican Republic (1912–1913)
El Salvador –
- President - Manuel Enrique Araujo, President of El Salvador (1911–1913)
Guatemala –
- President - Manuel Estrada Cabrera, President of Guatemala (1898–1920)
Haiti –
- President -
  1. Cincinnatus Leconte, President of Haiti (1911–1912)
  2. Tancrède Auguste, President of Haiti (1912–1913)
Honduras –
- President -
  1. Francisco Bertrand, President of Honduras (1911–1912)
  2. Manuel Bonilla, President of Honduras (1912–1913)
Mexico –
- President - Francisco I. Madero, President of Mexico (1911–1913)
Newfoundland –
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor - Ralph Champneys Williams, Governor of Newfoundland (1909–1913)
- Prime Minister - Sir Edward Patrick Morris, Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1909–1917)
Nicaragua –
- President - Adolfo Díaz, President of Nicaragua (1911–1917)
Panama –
- President -
  1. Pablo Arosemena, President of Panama (1910–1912)
  2. Belisario Porras Barahona, President of Panama (1912–1916)
United States –
- President - William Howard Taft, President of the United States (1909–1913)

Oceania

Australia –
- Monarch – George V, King of the United Kingdom (1910–1936)
- Governor-General - Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron of Denman, Governor-General of Australia (1911–1914)
- Prime Minister - Andrew Fisher, Prime Minister of Australia (1910–1913)
New Zealand –
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor -
  1. John Dickson-Poynder, Governor of New Zealand (1910–1912)
  2. Arthur Foljambe, Earl of Liverpool, Governor of New Zealand^[8] (1912–1920)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Joseph Ward, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1906–1912)
  2. Thomas Mackenzie, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1912)
  3. William Massey, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1912–1925)

South America

Argentina –
- President - Roque Sáenz Peña, President of Argentina (1910–1914)
Bolivia –
- President - Eliodoro Villazón, President of Bolivia (1909–1913)
Brazil –
- President - Hermes da Fonseca, President of Brazil (1910–1914)
Chile –
- President - Ramón Barros Luco, President of Chile (1910–1915)
Colombia –
- President - Carlos Eugenio Restrepo, President of Colombia (1910–1914)
Ecuador –
- President -
  1. Carlos Freile Zaldumbide, Acting President of Ecuador (1911–1912)
  2. Francisco Andrade Marín, Acting President of Ecuador (1912)
  3. Leónidas Plaza, President of Ecuador (1912–1916)
Paraguay –
- President -
  1. Liberato Marcial Rojas, Provisional President of Paraguay (1911–1912)
  2. Pedro Peña, Provisional President of Paraguay (1912)
  3. Emiliano González Navero, President of Paraguay (1912)
  4. Eduardo Schaerer, President of Paraguay (1912–1916)
Peru –
- President -
  1. Augusto B. Leguía, President of Peru (1908–1912)
  2. Guillermo Billinghurst, President of Peru (1912–1914)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Agustín Guillermo Ganoza Cavero, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1911–1912)
  2. Elías Malpartida, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1912)
  3. Enrique Varela Vidaurre, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1912–1913)
Uruguay –
- President - José Batlle y Ordóñez, President of Uruguay (1911–1915)
Venezuela –
- President - Juan Vicente Gómez, President of Venezuela (1908–1913)

References

^ Hussein bin Ali was Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and King of Hejaz from 1916.
^ Ibn Saud was Emir of Nejd and Hasa between 1902 and 1921, Sultan of Nejd between 1921 and 1927, King of Nejd between 1927 and 1932 additionally King of Hejaz between 1926 and 1932 (collectively referred to as King of Nejd and Hejaz), and King of Saudi Arabia from 1932.
^ Bulgaria only became independent in 1908.
^ Montenegro was only recognized as an independence state in 1878.
^ ^a ^b In exile between 1940 and 1945.
^ Peter I was King of Serbia from 1903 to 1918 and King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes from 1918 to 1921.
^ The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
^ Arthur Foljambe was titled Governor-General of New Zealand after 28 June 1917.

[1] Hussein bin Ali was Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and King of Hejaz from 1916.

[Saud-2] Ibn Saud was Emir of Nejd and Hasa between 1902 and 1921, Sultan of Nejd between 1921 and 1927, King of Nejd between 1927 and 1932 additionally King of Hejaz between 1926 and 1932 (collectively referred to as King of Nejd and Hejaz), and King of Saudi Arabia from 1932.

[3] Bulgaria only became independent in 1908.

[4] Montenegro was only recognized as an independence state in 1878.

[In_exile_between_1940_and_1945-5] In exile between 1940 and 1945.

[Serbs_1921-6] Peter I was King of Serbia from 1903 to 1918 and King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes from 1918 to 1921.

[7] The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.

[8] Arthur Foljambe was titled Governor-General of New Zealand after 28 June 1917.

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