A dark nebula or absorption nebula is a type of interstellar cloud that is so dense that it obscures the visible wavelengths of light from objects behind it, such as background stars and emission or reflection nebulae. The extinction of the light is caused by interstellar dust grains located in the coldest, densest parts of molecular clouds. Clusters and large complexes of dark nebulae are associated with Giant Molecular Clouds. Isolated small dark nebulae are called Bok globules. Like other interstellar dust or material, things it obscures are only visible using radio waves in radio astronomy or infrared in infrared astronomy.
Dark clouds appear so because of sub-micrometre-sized dust particles, coated with frozen carbon monoxide and nitrogen, which effectively block the passage of light at visible wavelengths. Also present are molecular hydrogen, atomic helium, C18O (CO with oxygen as the 18O isotope), CS, NH3 (ammonia), H2CO (formaldehyde), c-C3H2 (cyclopropenylidene) and a molecular ion N2H+ (diazenylium), all of which are relatively transparent. These clouds are the spawning grounds of stars and planets, and understanding their development is essential to understanding star formation.[1][2]
The form of such dark clouds is very irregular: they have no clearly defined outer boundaries and sometimes take on convoluted serpentine shapes. The largest dark nebulae are visible to the naked eye, appearing as dark patches against the brighter background of the Milky Way like the Coalsack Nebula and the Great Rift. These naked-eye objects are sometimes known as dark cloud constellations and take on a variety of names.
In the inner outer molecular regions of dark nebulae, important events take place, such as the formation of stars and masers.
Image gallery
Dark nebula LDN 1768 contains protostars.[3]
Lupus 4 is a dense pocket of gas and dust where new stars are expected to form.[6]
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See also
References
- ^ Di Francesco, James; Hogerheijde, Michiel R.; Welch, William J.; Bergin, Edwin A. (November 2002). "Abundances of Molecular Species in Bernard 68". The Astrophysical Journal. 124 (5): 2749–2755. arXiv:astro-ph/0208298. Bibcode:2002AJ....124.2749D. doi:10.1086/344078. S2CID 119078546.
- ^ ESO - eso9934 - Secrets of a Dark Cloud Archived 2009-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "All Quiet in the Nursery?". Retrieved 23 March 2016.
- ^ "A Hole in the Sky". Retrieved 14 June 2015.
- ^ "The dark nebula LDN 483". www.eso.org. European Southern Observatory. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ "Cosmic Forecast: Dark Clouds Will Give Way to Sunshine". www.eso.org. European Southern Observatory. Retrieved 8 September 2014.