| Udege | |
|---|---|
| Удиэ | |
| Native to | Russia |
| Region | Russian Far East |
| Ethnicity | 1,500 Udeges (2010 census)[1] |
Native speakers | 100 (2010 census)[1] |
Tungusic
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ude |
| Glottolog | udih1248 |
| ELP | Udege[2] |
The Udege language (also Udihe language, Udekhe language, Udeghe language) is the language of the Udege people. It is a member of the Tungusic family.
Vocabulary
Udege contains a variety of loanwords from the closely related Nanai language, which have supplanted some older Udege vocabulary, such as:
- [banixe] (thank you), from Nanai [banixa], instead of Udege [usasa]
- [dœlbo] (work), from Nanai [dœbo], instead of Udege [etete]
- [daŋsa] (book) from Nanai [daŋsa], itself a loanword from Chinese 檔子 (Pinyin: dāngzi), which actually means "file, records, archives"
In general, a large degree of mutual assimilation of the two languages has been observed in the Bikin region. Udege has also exerted phonological influence on the Bikin dialect of Nanai, including monophthongisation of diphthongs, denasalisation of nasal vowels, deletion of reduced final vowels, epenthetic vowels preventing consonant final words, and the deletion of intervocalic [w].[3]
Orthography
1931-1937 alphabet
| A a | Ā ā | B в | Є є | D d | Ӡ ӡ | E e | Ē ē |
| Æ æ | F f | G g | H h | I i | Ī ī | J j | K k |
| L l | M m | N n | Ņ ņ | Ŋ ŋ | O o | Ō ō | Ө ө |
| P p | R r | S s | T t | U u | Ū ū | W w | X x |
| Y y | Z z | ’ |
Udege is currently written in two versions of the Cyrillic alphabet, known as the "Petersburg" and the "Khabarovsk" versions. The Khabarovsk version is used more often.[4]
Cyrillic alphabet (Khabarovsk version)
| А а | ʻА ʻа | А̄ а̄ | А̂ а̂ | Б б | В в | Г г | Ғ ғ | Д д | Ӡ ӡ | И и | Ӣ ӣ | И̂ и̂ |
| Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н | Њ њ | Ӈ ӈ | О о | ʻО ʻо | О̄ о̄ | О̂ о̂ | П п | Р р |
| С с | Т т | У у | Ӯ ӯ | У̂ ŷ | Ф ф | Х х | Ч ч | ь | Э э | ʻЭ ʻэ | Э̄ э̄ | Э̂ э̂ |
A few older letters that were used in this language: Ж ж, З з, Љ љ, Ц ц, Ш ш, Щ щ, Ъ ъ, Ы ы, ‘Ы ‘ы, Ы̄ ы̄, Ы̂ ы̂, Ю ю, ‘Ю ‘ю, Ю̄ ю̄, Ю̂ ю̂, Я я, ‘Я ‘я, Я̄ я̄, Я̂ я̂
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | y yː | u uː | |
| Mid | ø øː | ə əː | o oː | |
| Open | æ æː | a aː | ||
Consonants
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
| Fricative | s | x | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | ||||
| voiced | d͡z~z | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Liquid | l | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
/z/ is an allophone of /d͡z/.[5]
Examples
The beginning of the fairy tale "Selemege":[6]
| E. R. Snejder's (Schneider) alphabet | Omo jəgdig’ə bagdehæni, mam’asaxi-da. Mam’asani gə̄nʒi bisini. Tu bisiti. Bimi-də mam’asatigī digaŋkini: — Bi Sələməgə guniəiwəti isənəʒəmi, — guŋkini. |
| "Khabarovsk" Cyrillic alphabet (alphabet by M. D. Simonov and V. T. Kyalundzyuga) | Омо йэгдэғ’э багдиэ̂ни, мам’асахи-да. Мам’асани гэ̅нʒи бисини. Ту бисити. Бими-дэ мамас’атиғи̅ диғаңкини: — Би Сэлэмэгэ гунэивэти исэнэʒэми, — гуңкини. |
| "Leningrad" Cyrillic (alphabet by E. V. Perekhvalskaya) | Омо йəгдəг’ə багдиəни, мам’асахи-да. Мам’асани гə́нʒи бисини. Ту бисити. Бими-дə мамас’атигий диаңкини: — Би Сəлəмəгə гунəйwəти исəнəʒəми, — гуңкини. |
| A. A. Kanchuga's alphabet | Омо егдигэ багдиэни, мамасахида. Мамасани гээнди бисини. Ту бисити. Бимидэ мамасатиги диаңкини: — Би Сэлэмэгэ гунэивэти исэнэзэми, — гуңкини. |
| English translation | Once upon a time there was one fellow, he was married. The child's wife was expecting. It was. After a while, he says to his wife: — I'll go and take a look at this Selemege who is being talked about, — he said. |
Notes
- ^ a b Udege at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ^ Endangered Languages Project data for Udege.
- ^ Nikolaeva & Tolskaya 2001, p. 24
- ^ М. Д. Симонов, В. Т. Кялундзюга (1998). Словарь удэгейского языка (хорский диалект). Препринт. I. pp. 3–6, 59.
- ^ Nikolaeva, Tolskaya. 2001.
- ^ ПостНаука 2020.
Bibliography
- Atknin, V.A.; Girfanova, A. (1985), "Отрицательные формы глаголов в удэгэйском языке (в сравнении с другими тунгусо-маньчжурскими языками)/The negative verbal forms in Udihe (in comparison with other Tungus-Manchu languages)", Лингвистические Исследования (1): 11–19
- Nikolaeva, Irina; Tolskaya, Maria (2001), A Grammar of Udihe, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-016916-4
- Перехвальская Елена. "Удэгейский язык: Когда будущее лежит за спиной". ПостНаука. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
External links
- Chukchi fairy tales in Udihe (Udehe) and English
- Максим Руссо. Карта языков России: удэгейский (Полит.ру, 10 марта 2019)