Tourettism refers to the presence of Tourette-like symptoms in the absence of Tourette syndrome, as the result of other diseases or conditions, known as "secondary causes".
Tourette syndrome (TS) is an inherited neurological condition of multiple motor and at least one vocal tic. Although Tourette syndrome is the most common cause of tic disorders,[1] other sporadic, genetic, and neurodegenerative disorders may also exhibit tics.[2][3]
Conditions that may manifest tics or stereotyped movements include developmental disorders; autism spectrum disorders[4] and stereotypic movement disorder;[1][5] Sydenham's chorea; idiopathic dystonia; and genetic conditions such as Huntington's disease, neuroacanthocytosis, pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Wilson's disease, and tuberous sclerosis. Other possibilities include chromosomal disorders such as Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, XYY syndrome and fragile X syndrome. Acquired causes of tics include drug-induced tics, head trauma, encephalitis, stroke, and carbon monoxide poisoning.[2][6] The symptoms of Lesch–Nyhan syndrome may also be confused with Tourette syndrome.[7]
Tic mimickers
Genetic/chromosomal
- Chromosomal abnormalities[6]
- Citrullinemia[1]
- Down syndrome[6]
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy[6]
- Fragile X syndrome[6]
- Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration[6]
- Huntington's disease[6]
- Klinefelter syndrome[6]
- Lesch–Nyhan syndrome[2]
- Neuroacanthocytosis[6]
- Neurodegeneration[1]
- Phenylketonuria[1]
- Schizophrenia[6]
- Tuberous sclerosis[6]
- Wilson's disease[6]
- XYY syndrome[6]
Infectious or post-infectious
Developmental
- Pervasive developmental disorders
- Asperger syndrome[6]
- Autism spectrum[6]
- Rett syndrome[2]
- Intellectual disability[6]
- Static encephalopathy[2]
- Stereotypic movement disorder[2][5]
Toxins/insults/acquired
- Carbon monoxide poisoning[6]
- Cerebral palsy[3]
- Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease[6]
- Fetal alcohol syndrome[1]
- Head trauma[6]
- Hypoglycemia[6]
- Intrauterine exposure to illicit drugs
- Intrauterine infections
- Mercury[2]
- Neurocutaneous syndromes[3]
- Neurosyphilis[6]
- Perinatal asphyxia
- Stroke[6]
- Wasp venom[2]
Drugs
- Cocaine[6]
- Levodopa (Dopar, Larodopa)[6]
- Antiepileptics[6] Carbamazepine (Atretol, Epitol, Tegretol)[3]
- Lamotrigine (Lamictal)[3]
- Amphetamines[6]
- Pemoline[6]
- Phenytoin (Dilantin)[2]
- Phenobarbital[2]
- Antipsychotics (e.g.; haloperidol)[6][8][9]
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f Jankovic J, Mejia NI (2006). "Tics associated with other disorders". Adv Neurol. 99: 61–8. PMID 16536352.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Mejia NI, Jankovic J (March 2005). "Secondary tics and tourettism" (PDF). Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 27 (1): 11–7. doi:10.1590/s1516-44462005000100006. PMID 15867978. Archived from the original on 2007-06-28.
- ^ a b c d e Evidente, GH. "Is it a tic or Tourette's? Clues for differentiating simple from more complex tic disorders." PostGraduate Medicine Online. October 2000 108:5. Available at archive.org
- ^ Ringman JM, Jankovic J (June 2000). "Occurrence of tics in Asperger's syndrome and autistic disorder". J. Child Neurol. (Case report). 15 (6): 394–400. doi:10.1177/088307380001500608. PMID 10868783.
- ^ a b Freeman RD. "Tourette's syndrome: minimizing confusion". Roger Freeman, MD, blog. Archived from the original on April 11, 2006. Retrieved February 8, 2006.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Bagheri M, Kerbeshian J, Burd L (1999). "Recognition and management of Tourette's syndrome and tic disorders". Am Fam Physician. 59 (8): 2263–72, 2274. PMID 10221310. Full text
- ^ Rapin I (2001). "Autism spectrum disorders: relevance to Tourette syndrome". Adv Neurol (Review). 85: 89–101. PMID 11530449.
- ^ Bharucha KJ, Sethi KD (Nov 1995). "Tardive tourettism after exposure to neuroleptic therapy". Mov Disord. 10 (6): 791–3. doi:10.1002/mds.870100613. PMID 8749999.
- ^ eMedicine article on Tardive dyskinesia Full article
References
- Black, Kevin J. Tourette Syndrome and Other Tic Disorders. eMedicine.com March 22, 2006.
Further reading
- Erer S, Jankovic J (Feb 2007). "Adult onset tics after peripheral injury". Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 14 (1): 75–6. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2006.12.009. PMID 17292653.