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Summits of the Americas

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The Summits of the Americas (SOA) is a series of international summit meetings that bring together the leaders of countries in the Organization of American States (OAS). All countries have sent representatives to every meeting, except for Cuba which was expelled from the OAS under pressure from the United States after the Cuban Revolution of 1959. Cuba participated in the 2015 summit in Panama, and sent its foreign minister to the subsequent 2018 summit in Peru.[1][2] In the early 1990s, the formerly ad hoc summits were institutionalized into a regular "Summit of the Americas" based on the principles of democracy and free trade.[3] The meetings, organized by a number of multilateral bodies led by the OAS, provide an opportunity for discussions about a variety of issues and topics.

List of summits

Summit Dates Host Country Host City Host leader
1st December 9–11, 1994 United States[4] Miami Bill Clinton
2nd April 18–19, 1998 Chile[5] Santiago Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle
3rd April 20–22, 2001 Canada[6] Quebec City Jean Chrétien
4th November 4–5, 2005 Argentina[7] Mar del Plata Néstor Kirchner
5th April 17–19, 2009 Trinidad and Tobago[8] Port-of-Spain Patrick Manning
6th April 14–15, 2012 Colombia[9] Cartagena Juan Manuel Santos Calderón
7th April 10–11, 2015 Panama[10] Panama City Juan Carlos Varela
8th April 13–14, 2018 Peru[11] Lima Martín Vizcarra

The events that garnered the most general public and media attention were the Quebec City and Mar del Plata summits (3rd and 4th respectively), both of which provoked very large anti-globalization and anti-Free Trade Area of the Americas protests and attendant police response.

OAS member states

Main article: Member states of the Organization of American States

All 35 independent nations of the Americas are members of the OAS.

Nation Capital city HDI
(2019 estimate
for 2018)[12]		 Official
language(s)
Antigua and Barbuda St. John's 0.776 English
Argentina Buenos Aires 0.830 Spanish
Bahamas Nassau 0.805 English
Barbados Bridgetown 0.813 English
Belize Belmopan 0.720 English
Bolivia Sucre 0.703 Spanish
Brazil Brasília 0.761 Portuguese
Canada Ottawa 0.922 English, French
Chile Santiago 0.847 Spanish
Colombia Bogota 0.761 Spanish
Costa Rica San José 0.794 Spanish
Cuba Havana 0.778 Spanish
Dominica Roseau 0.724 English
Dominican Republic Santo Domingo 0.745 Spanish
Ecuador Quito 0.758 Spanish
El Salvador San Salvador 0.667 Spanish
Grenada St. George's 0.763 English
Guatemala Guatemala City 0.651 Spanish
Guyana Georgetown 0.670 English
Haiti Port-au-Prince 0.503 French, Haitian Creole
Honduras Tegucigalpa 0.623 Spanish
Jamaica Kingston 0.726 English
Mexico Mexico City 0.767 Spanish
Nicaragua Managua 0.651 Spanish
Panama Panama City 0.795 Spanish
Paraguay Asuncion 0.724 Spanish, Guarani
Peru Lima 0.759 Spanish
Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre 0.777 English
Saint Lucia Castries 0.745 English
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Kingstown 0.728 English
Suriname Paramaribo 0.724 Dutch
Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain 0.799 English
United States Washington D.C. 0.920 English (de facto)
Uruguay Montevideo 0.808 Spanish
Venezuela Caracas 0.726 Spanish

Non-members

The following jurisdictions are not members of the OAS as they are dependencies of other nations. They are grouped under the nation that has sovereignty over them.

Sovereign state Jurisdiction Dependency type
Denmark Greenland Autonomous country
France French Guiana Overseas region
Guadeloupe Overseas region
Martinique Overseas region
Saint Barthélemy Overseas collectivity
Saint Martin Overseas collectivity
Saint Pierre and Miquelon Overseas collectivity
Netherlands Aruba Constituent country
Bonaire Public body
Curaçao Constituent country
Saba Public body
Sint Eustatius Public body
Sint Maarten Constituent country
United Kingdom Anguilla Overseas territory
Bermuda Overseas territory
British Virgin Islands Overseas territory
Cayman Islands Overseas territory
Falkland Islands Overseas territory
Disputed with Argentina
Montserrat Overseas territory
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Overseas territory
Disputed with Argentina
Turks and Caicos Islands Overseas territory
United States Conch Republic Micronation, honorary/unofficial member[13]
Navassa Island Unincorporated unorganized territory
Disputed with Haiti
Puerto Rico Unincorporated organized commonwealth
U.S. Virgin Islands Unincorporated organized territory

References

  1. ^ Prieto, Alfredo. "Everybody But Cuba," Havana Times. April 15, 2009.
  2. ^ http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/04/13/business/business-breaking/cubas-raul-castro-skips-summit-of-the-americas/
  3. ^ Twaddle, Andrew C. (2002). Health Care Reform Around the World, p. 382.
  4. ^ Summit Americas: I summit (1st)
  5. ^ Summit Americas: II summit (2nd)
  6. ^ Summit Americas: III summit (3rd)
  7. ^ Summit Americas: IV summit (4th)
  8. ^ Summit Americas: V summit (5th)
  9. ^ Summit Americas: VI summit (6th)
  10. ^ Summit Americas: VII summit (7th)
  11. ^ Summit Americas: VIII summit (8th)
  12. ^ Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). New York: United Nations Development Programme. 2019. pp. 300–303. ISBN 978-92-1-126439-5. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  13. ^ https://keywest.floridaweekly.com/articles/conch-republic-days-2/

External links

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