Spain at the 1992 Summer Olympics | |
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IOC code | ESP |
NOC | Spanish Olympic Committee |
Website | www |
in Barcelona | |
Competitors | 422 (297 men and 125 women) in 29 sports |
Flag bearer | Felipe de Borbón |
Medals Ranked 6th |
|
Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
Spain was the host nation for the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. The Games were quite exceptional for Spain because their athletes were competing not only in their home country, but also in the home city of IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch. 422 competitors, 297 men and 125 women, took part in 195 events in 29 sports.[1]
Medalists
Archery
The four Spaniards had little success in the individual round, with only one qualifying for the elimination matches. He lost in the first round. The men's team, however, surprised the world by pulling off four upsets to claim the gold medal—Spain's first archery medal—in front of a home crowd.
Women's Individual Competition:
- Teresa Fernandez — Ranking round, 42nd place (0-0)
Men's Individual Competition:
- Antonio Vázquez — Round of 32, 28th place (0-1)
- Alfonso Menéndez — Ranking round, 42nd place (0-0)
- Juan Holgado — Ranking round, 45th place (0-0)
Men's Team Competition:
- Vázquez, Menéndez, and Holgado — Final (4-0) → Gold Medal)
Athletics
Men's 100m metres
- Juan Trapero
- Heat — 10.64 (→ did not advance)
Men's 5,000 metres
- Abel Anton
- Heat — 13:31.48
- Final — 13:27.80 (→ 8th place)
- Antonio Serrano Sánchez
- Heat — 13:42.94 (→ did not advance)
- Heat — 13:42.20 (→ did not advance)
Men's 10,000 metres
- Carlos de la Torre
- Heat — 28:55.47 (→ did not advance)
- José Carlos Adan
- Heat — 28:50.38 (→ did not advance)
- Alejandro Gómez Cabral
- Heat — did not finish (→ did not advance)
Men's 4 × 400 m Relay
- Antonio Sanchez Muñoz, Cayetano Cornet, Manuel Moreno Sanchez, and Angel Valentin Heras
- Heat — 3:04.60 (→ did not advance)
Men's Marathon
- Diego García — 2:14.56 (→ 9th place)
- Rodrigo Gavela — 2:16.23 (→ 18th place)
- José Esteban Montiel — 2:19.15 (→ 32nd place)
Men's 20 km Walk
- Daniel Plaza — 1:21:45 (→ Gold Medal)
- Miguel Ángel Prieto — 1:26:38 (→ 10th place)
- Valentí Massana — DSQ (→ no ranking)
Men's 50 km Walk
- Josep Marín — 3:58:41 (→ 9th place)
- Jesús Ángel García — 3:58:43 (→ 10th place)
- Jaime Barroso — 4:02:08 (→ 14th place)
Men's Long Jump
- Jesus Olivan
- Qualification — 7.78 m (→ did not advance)
- Ángel Hernández
- Qualification — NM (→ did not advance)
Men's Triple Jump
- Qualification — 16.04 m (→ did not advance)
Men's Javelin Throw
- Julián Sotelo
- Qualification — 75.34 m (→ did not advance)
Men's Discus Throw
- Qualification — 61.22 m
- Final — 60.16 m (→ 9th place)
Women's 800 metres
- Amaia Andrés
- Heat — 2:02.67 (→ did not advance)
Women's 400m Hurdles
- Miriam Alonso Manteca
- Heat — 57.66 (→ did not advance)
Women's 10 km Walk
- Mari Cruz Díaz
- Final — 45:32 (→ 10th place)
- Final — 46:00 (→ 14th place)
- Emilia Cano
- Final — 47:03 (→ 22nd place)
Women's Discus Throw
- Angeles Barreiro
- Qualifying Heat — 53.14m (→ did not advance)
Badminton
Baseball
Men's Team Competition
Spain came within half an inning of losing all seven of its preliminary round games in the first official Olympic baseball tournament. Trailing Puerto Rico 6-4 going into the bottom of the ninth, Spain rallied for three runs to win its only Olympic victory in the sport.
- Preliminary Round
- Lost to United States (1:4)
- Lost to Japan (1:12)
- Lost to Dominican Republic (2:11)
- Lost to Chinese Taipei (0:20)
- Lost to Cuba (0:18)
- Lost to Italy (1:14)
- Defeated Puerto Rico (7:6) → 8th place
- Men's Team Roster
- Antonio Salazar
- Enrique Cortés Pes
- Félix Manuel Cano
- Francisco Javier Aristu
- Gabriel Valarezo
- Javier Díez
- Jesús Lisarri
- José Arza
- José Luis Becerra
- José María Pulido
- Juan Ignacio Damborenea
- Juan Manuel Salmerón
- Juan Pedro Belza
- Luis Carlos León
- Manuel Martínez
- Miguel Ángel Pariente
- Miguel Stella
- Oscar Rebolleda
- Xavier Camps
- Xavier Civit
Basketball
Women's Team Competition
- Preliminary Round (Group B)
- Lost to PR China (63-66)
- Defeated Czechoslovakia (59-58)
- Lost to United States (59-114)
- Classification Matches
- 5th/8th place: Defeated Italy (92-80)
- 5th/6th place: Defeated Czechoslovakia (59-58) → 5th place
- Team Roster
- Patrícia Hernandez
- Carolina Mujica
- Blanca Ares
- Pilar Alonso
- Monica Pulgar
- Margarita Geuer
- Almudena Vara
- Ana Belén Alvaro
- Monica Messa
- Marina Ferragut
- Elisabeth Cebrian
- Carlota Castrejana
- Head Coach: José Maria Buceta
Boxing
Men's Light Flyweight (— 48 kg)
- First Round — Defeated Abram Thwala (RSA), 9:0
- Second Round — Defeated Eric Griffin (USA), 6:2
- Quarterfinals — Lost to Rogelio Marcelo (CUB), 3:11
Men's Bantamweight (– 54 kg)
- Oscar Vega
- First Round — Lost to Remigio Molina (ARG), 4:14
Men's Featherweight (– 57 kg)
- Faustino Reyes → Silver Medal
- First Round — Defeated Brian Carr (GBR), 22:10
- Second Round — Defeated Somluck Kamsing (THA), 24:15
- Quarterfinals — Defeated Eddy Suarez (CUB), 17:7
- Semifinals — Defeated Ramazan Palyani (EUN), 14:9
- Final — Lost to Andreas Tews (GER), 9:16
Men's Light Welterweight (– 63.5 kg)
- First Round — Lost to Jyri Kjall (FIN), RSCH-1
Men's Welterweight (– 67 kg)
- Victor Manuel Baute
- First Round — Lost to Pepe Reilly (USA), RSC-3
Men's Heavyweight (– 91 kg)
- José Ortega
- First Round — Bye
- Second Round — Lost to David Tua, RSCH-2
Canoeing
Cycling
Fourteen cyclists, eleven men and three women, represented Spain in 1992. José Moreno won gold in the 1 km time trial.
- Men's road race
- Ángel Edo
- Kiko García
- Jose Luis Indurain Larraya
- Men's team time trial
- Miguel Fernández
- Álvaro González de Galdeano
- Eleuterio Mancebo
- David Plaza
- Men's sprint
- José Moreno
- Men's 1 km time trial
- José Moreno
- Men's individual pursuit
- Adolfo Alperi
- Men's team pursuit
- Adolfo Alperi
- Gabriel Aynat
- Jonathan Garrido
- Santos González
- Men's points race
- Gabriel Aynat
- Women's road race
- Ainhoa Ortolazabal — 2:05:13 (→ 34th place)
- Belen Cuevas — 2:05:26 (→ 35th place)
- Teodora Ruano — 2:08:13 (→ 42nd place)
Diving
Men's 3m Springboard
- José Miguel Gil
- Preliminary Round — 336.84 points (→ did not advance, 23rd place)
Men's 10m Platform
- Rafael Álvarez
- Preliminary Round — 390.81 points
- Final — 524.25 points (→ 9th place)
Women's 3m Springboard
- Julia Cruz
- Preliminary Round — 282.69 points
- Final — 436.47 points (→ 12th place)
Equestrianism
Fencing
17 fencers, 15 men and 2 women represented Spain in 1992.
- Men's foil
- Andrés García
- Ramiro Bravo
- José Francisco Guerra
- Men's team foil
- Andrés García, Ramiro Bravo, José Francisco Guerra, Andrés Crespo, Jesús Esperanza
- Men's épée
- Fernando de la Peña
- Raúl Maroto
- Manuel Pereira
- Men's team épée
- Fernando de la Peña, Ángel Fernández, César González, Raúl Maroto, Manuel Pereira
- Men's sabre
- Antonio García
- Raúl Peinador
- José Luis Álvarez
- Men's team sabre
- Antonio García, Raúl Peinador, José Luis Álvarez, Marco Antonio Rioja, Alberto Falcón
- Women's foil
- Rosa María Castillejo
- Montserat Esquerdo
Football
- Preliminary Round (Group C)
- Quarterfinals
- Semifinals
- Final
- Team Roster
- ( 1.) Santiago Cañizares
- ( 2.) Albert Ferrer
- ( 3.) Mikel Lasa
- ( 4.) Roberto Solozábal
- ( 5.) Juanma López
- ( 6.) David Villabona
- ( 7.) José Amavisca
- ( 8.) Luis Enrique
- ( 9.) Pep Guardiola
- (10.) Abelardo
- (11.) Javier Manjarín
- (12.) Paqui
- (13.) Toni
- (14.) Gabriel Vidal
- (15.) Paco Soler
- (16.) Miguel
- (17.) Rafael Berges
- (18.) Antonio Pinilla
- (19.) Kiko
- (20.) Alfonso
- Head Coach
Gymnastics
Handball
Men's Team Competition
- Preliminary Round (Group B)
- Spain — France 16-18
- Spain — Egypt 23-18
- Spain — Romania 21-20
- Spain — Unified Team 18-24
- Spain — Germany 19-18
- Classification Match
- 5th-6th place: Spain — South Korea 36-21 (→ Fifth place)
- Team Roster
- Alberto Urdiales
- Aleix Franch
- Angel Hermida
- David Barrufet
- Enric Masip
- Fernando Bolea
- Iñaki Urdangarín
- Jaume Fort
- Javier Cabanas
- Juan Francisco Alemany
- Juan Francisco Muñoz
- Lorenzo Rico
- Luis Eduardo García
- Mateo Garralda
- Ricardo Marín
- Head Coach: Javier García Cuesta
Women's Team Competition
- Preliminary Round (Group B)
- Spain — Austria 16-20
- Spain — Norway 16-20
- Spain — South Korea 18-28
- Classification Match
- 7th-8th place: Spain — Nigeria 26-17 (→ Seventh place)
- Team Roster
- Amaia Ugartemendía
- Begoña Sánchez
- Blanca Martín-Calero
- Cristina Gómez Arquer
- Dolores Ruiz
- Esperanza Tercero
- Karmele Makazaga
- María Eugenia Sánchez
- Mercedes Fuertes
- Montserrat Marín
- Montserrat Puche
- Paloma Arranz
- Raquel Vizcaíno
- Rita María Hernández
- Head Coach: Francisco Sanchez Sanchez
Hockey
Men's Team Competition
- Preliminary Round (Group B)
- Spain — New Zealand 3-0
- Spain — Malaysia 5-2
- Spain — Unified Team 4-0
- Spain — Pakistan 1-6
- Spain — Netherlands 2-3
- Classification Matches
- 5th-8th place: Spain — India 2-0
- 5th-6th place: Spain — Great Britain 2-1 (→ Fifth place)
- Team Roster
- Santiago Grau (gk)
- Ignacio Escudé (c)
- Joaquín Malgosa
- Miguel Ortego
- Juantxo García-Mauriño
- Jaime Amat
- Jordi Aviles
- Pedro Jufresa
- José Antonio Iglesias
- Xavier Escudé
- Javier Arnau
- Victor Pujol
- Juan Dinarés
- David Freixa
- Pablo Usoz
- Ramón Jufresa (gk)
- Head Coach: Santiago Cortes
Women's Team Competition
- Preliminary Round (Group A)
- Semi Finals
- Spain — South Korea 2-1 (after extra time)
- Final
- Spain — Germany 2-1 (after extra time) → Gold Medal)
- Spain — Germany 2-1 (after extra time) → Gold Medal)
- Team Roster
- Head Coach: José Manuel Brasa
Judo
- Begoña Gómez Martín
Modern pentathlon
Three male pentathletes represented Spain in 1992.
- Individual
- Jesús Centeno
- Leopoldo Centeno
- Carles Lerín
- Team
- Jesús Centeno
- Leopoldo Centeno
- Carles Lerín
Rhythmic gymnastics
Rowing
Sailing
Men's Sailboard (Lechner A-390)
- Asier Fernández
- Final Ranking — 117.0 points (→ 6th place)
Men's 470 Class
- Jordi Calafat and Kiko Sánchez
Women's Sailboard (Lechner A-390)
- Mireia Casas
- Final Ranking — 155.7 points (→ 12th place)
Women's 470 Class
- Theresa Zabell and Patricia Guerra
Shooting
- Men
Athlete | Event | Qualification | Final | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Points | Rank | Points | Rank | ||
Alberto Areces Fernandez | 50 m pistol | 551 | 26 | Did not advance | |
Enrique Claverol Martínez | 50 m rifle three positions | 1152 | 26 | Did not advance | |
10 m air rifle | 588 | 13 | Did not advance | ||
Jorge González | 50 m rifle three positions | 1145 | 35 | Did not advance | |
50 m rifle prone | 592 | 26 | Did not advance | ||
10 m air rifle | 586 | 21 | Did not advance | ||
Jaime Pares Criville | 50 m rifle prone | 587 | 48 | Did not advance | |
Francisco Sanz Cancio | 50 m pistol | 543 | 37 | Did not advance | |
10 m air pistol | 576 | 19 | Did not advance | ||
Juan Segui Picornell | 25 m rapid fire pistol | 582 | 16 | Did not advance |
- Women
Athlete | Event | Qualification | Final | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Points | Rank | Points | Rank | ||
Cristina Fernandez Gonzalez | 10 m air rifle | 381 | 39 | Did not advance | |
Nieves Fernandez Mata | 50 m rifle three positions | 571 | 24 | Did not advance | |
10 m air rifle | 387 | 26 | Did not advance | ||
Maria Pilar Fernandez | 10 m air pistol | 382 | 4 Q | 478.5 | 6 |
25 m pistol | 576 | 12 | Did not advance | ||
M. E. Suárez García | 10 m air pistol | 374 | 31 | Did not advance | |
25 m pistol | 557 | 41 | Did not advance |
- Open
Athlete | Event | Qualification | Semifinal | Final | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Points | Rank | Points | Rank | Points | Rank | ||
Rafael Axpe Elejalde | Trap | 139 | 33 | Did not advance | |||
José Bladas Torras | 144 | 17 | 194 | 7 | Did not advance | ||
José María Colorado | Skeet | 149 | 3 Q | 199 | 2 Q | 222 | 5 |
Jorge Guardiola | 146 | 21 | 196 | 16 | Did not advance | ||
Gema Usieto Blázquez | Trap | 136 | 44 | Did not advance |
Swimming
Men's Competition
Men's 1500 m Freestyle
- Sergio Roura
- Heat — 15:26.18 (→ did not advance, 11th place)
Men's 100 m Backstroke
- Heat — 55.37
- Final — 54.96 (→ 4th place)
- Carlos Ventosa
- Heat — 56.62
- B-Final — 56.78 (→ 14th place)
Men's 200 m Backstroke
- Heat — 1:59.22
- Final — 1:58.47 (→ Gold Medal)
- Jorge Pérez
- Heat — 2:03.68 (→ did not advance, 25th place)
Men's 100 m Breaststroke
- Román Camallonga
- Heat — 1:03.48 (→ did not advance, 21st place)
- Heat — 1:03.69 (→ did not advance, 23rd place)
Men's 200 m Breaststroke
- Heat — 2:14.68
- Final — 2:13.29 (→ 4th place)
- Heat — 2:14.93
- B-Final — 2:15.52 (→ 10th place)
Men's 100 m Butterfly
- Heat — 54.04
- Final — 54.19 (→ 7th place)
- Jaime Fernández
- Heat — 55.62 (→ did not advance, 29th place)
Men's 200 m Butterfly
- José Luis Ballester
- Heat — 2:01.41 (→ did not advance, 21st place)
- Jorge Pérez
- Heat — 2:01.63 (→ did not advance, 24th place)
Men's 200 m Individual Medley
- Heat — 2:03.07
- B-Final — 2:03.34 (→ 9th place)
- Heat — 2:06.09 (→ did not advance, 23rd place)
Men's 400 m Individual Medley
- Jorge Pérez
- Heat — 4:21.33
- B-Final — 4:22.06 (→ 11th place)
Men's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
- Martin López-Zubero, Román Camallonga, Jaime Fernández, and Carlos Ventosa
- Heat — 3:44.12 (→ did not advance, 10th place)
Women's Competition
Women's 50 m Freestyle
- Heat — 26.76 (→ did not advance, 21st place)
Women's 100 m Freestyle
- Heat — 57.57 (→ did not advance, 21st place)
- Natalia Pulido
- Heat — 58.54 (→ did not advance, 26th place)
Women's 200 m Freestyle
- Natalia Pulido
- Heat — 2:04.39 (→ did not advance, 24th place)
Women's 400 m Freestyle
- Heat — 4:22.27 (→ did not advance, 20th place)
Women's 800 m Freestyle
- Heat — 8:55.65 (→ did not advance, 16th place)
Women's 100 m Backstroke
- Núria Castelló
- Heat — 1:05.09 (→ did not advance, 27th place)
Women's 200 m Backstroke
- Núria Castelló
- Heat — 2:16.24 (→ did not advance, 18th place)
- Cristina Rey
- Heat — 2:20.75 (→ did not advance, 34th place)
Women's 100 m Breaststroke
- Rocío Ruiz
- Heat — 1:13.11 (→ did not advance, 22nd place)
Women's 200 m Breaststroke
- Heat — 2:37.69 (→ did not advance, 28th place)
Women's 100 m Butterfly
- María Peláez
- Heat — 1:02.79 (→ did not advance, 25th place)
- Bárbara Franco
- Heat — 1:02.83 (→ did not advance, 26th place)
Women's 200 m Butterfly
- María Peláez
- Heat — 2:15.77
- B-Final — 2:15.07 (→ 15th place)
- María Luisa Fernández
- Heat — 2:16.18 (→ did not advance, 17th place)
Women's 200 m Individual Medley
- Heat — 2:17.97
- B-Final — 2:18.53 (→ 10th place)
- Heat — 2:23.51 (→ did not advance, 31st place)
Women's 400 m Individual Medley
- Heat — 4:50.16
- B-Final — 4:48.77 (→ 12th place)
- Elisenda Pérez
- Heat — 4:56.78 (→ did not advance, 22nd place)
Women's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
- Núria Castelló, Rocío Ruiz, María Peláez, and Claudia Franco
- Heat — 4:19.27 (→ did not advance, 13th place)
Synchronized swimming
Three synchronized swimmers represented Spain in 1992.
- Women's solo
- Eva López
- Marta Amorós
- Nuria Ayala
- Women's duet
- Eva López
- Marta Amorós
Table tennis
Tennis
Men's Singles Competition
- First round — Defeated Todd Woodbridge (Australia) 6-1, 7-6, 6-2
- Second round — Defeated Omar Camporese (Italy) 6-4, 6-2, 6-1
- Third round — Defeated Magnus Larsson (Sweden) 6-4, 7-6, 6-7, 6-4
- Quarterfinals — Lost to Marc Rosset (Switzerland) 4-6, 6-7, 6-4, 6-7
- First round — Defeated Andrew Castle (Great Britain) 6-1, 6-2, 6-3
- Second round — Lost to Mark Koevermans (Netherlands) 6-1, 3-6, 3-6, 2-6
- Jordi Arrese → Silver Medal
- First round — Defeated Eui-Jong Chang (South Korea) 6-4, 6-2, 6-2
- Second round — Defeated Magnus Gustafsson (Sweden) 6-2, 4-6, 6-1, 3-6, 9-7
- Third round — Defeated Renzo Furlan (Italy) 6-4, 6-3, 6-2
- Quarterfinals — Defeated Leonardo Lavalle (Mexico) 6-1, 7-6, 6-1
- Semifinals — Defeated Andrei Cherkasov (Unified Team) 6-4, 7-6, 3-6, 6-3
- Final — Lost to Marc Rosset (Switzerland) 6-7, 4-6, 6-3, 6-4, 6-8
Men's Doubles Competition
- First round — Defeated Luiz Mattar and Jaime Oncins (Brazil) 6-3, 3-6, 6-7, 6-3, 6-1
- Second round — Defeated Pete Sampras and Jim Courier (United States) 5-7, 4-6, 6-3, 6-2, 6-2
- Quarterfinals — Lost to Boris Becker and Michael Stich (Germany) 3-6, 6-4, 6-7, 7-5, 3-6
Women's Singles Competition
- First round — Defeated Judith Wiesner (Austria) 4-6, 6-1, 6-2
- Second round — Defeated Sandra Cecchini (Italy) 6-4, 6-3
- Third round — Defeated Amanda Coetzer (South Africa) 6-4, 6-3
- Quarterfinals — Lost to Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, 4-6, 4-6
- Arantxa Sánchez Vicario → Bronze Medal
- First round — Defeated Irina Spîrlea (Romania) 6-1, 6-3
- Second round — Defeated Mana Endo 6-0, 6-1
- Third round — Defeated Barbara Rittner (Germany) 4-6, 6-3, 6-1
- Quarterfinals — Defeated Conchita Martínez 6-4, 6-4
- Semifinals — Lost to Jennifer Capriati (USA) 3-6 6-3 1-6
Women's Doubles Competition
- Conchita Martínez and Arantxa Sánchez Vicario → Silver Medal
- First round — Defeated Natacha Randriantefy and Dally Randriantefy (Madagascar) 6-0, 6-0
- Second round — Defeated Emanuela Zardo and Manuela Maleeva (Switzerland) 6-0, 6-1
- Quarterfinals — Defeated Isabelle Demongeot and Nathalie Tauziat (France) 6-2, 6-4
- Semifinals — Defeated Nicole Provis and Rachel McQuillan (Australia) 6-1, 6-2
- Final — Lost to Mary Joe Fernandez and Gigi Fernández (USA) 5-7, 6-2, 2-6
Volleyball
Men's Team Competition
- Preliminary Round (Group A)
- Defeated Canada (3-2)
- Lost to Italy (0-3)
- Lost to Unified States (2-3)
- Defeated Japan (3-2)
- Defeated France (3-2)
- Quarterfinals
- Lost to Cuba (0-3)
- Classification Matches
- 5th/8th place: Lost to Italy (0-3)
- 7th/8th place: Lost to Unified Team (2-3) → 8th place
- Team Roster
- Ángel Alonso
- Benjamín Vicedo
- Francisco Hervás
- Héctor López
- Jesús Garrido
- Jesús Sánchez
- Juan Carlos Robles
- Miguel Ángel Maroto
- Rafael Pascual
- Venancio Costa
- Francisco Sánchez
- Ernesto Rodríguez
Women's Team Competition
- Preliminary Round (Group A)
- Lost to Unified Team (0-3)
- Lost to Japan (0-3)
- Lost to Unified States (0-3)
- Classification Match
- 7th/8th place: Lost to PR China (0-3) → 8th and last place
- Team Roster
- Ana María Tostado
- Asunción Domenech
- Carmen Miranda
- Estela Domínguez
- Inmaculada González
- Inmaculada Torres
- Laura de la Torre
- María del Mar Rey
- Marta Gens
- Olga Martín
- Rita Oraá
- Virginia Cardona
- Head Coach: Jaime Fernández Barros
Water polo
Men's tournament
- Preliminary round (Group B)
- Spain — Netherlands 12-6
- Spain — Greece 11-6
- Spain — Hungary 8-5
- Spain — Italy 9-9
- Spain — Cuba 12-10
- Semifinals
- Spain — United States 6-4
- Final
- Spain — Italy 8-9 (→ Silver medal)
- Spain — Italy 8-9 (→ Silver medal)
- Team roster
- Daniel Ballart
- Jesús Rollán
- Jordi Sans
- Josep Picó
- Manuel Estiarte
- Manuel Silvestre
- Marco Antonio González
- Miguel Ángel Oca
- Pedro Francisco García
- Ricardo Sánchez
- Rubén Michavila
- Salvador Gómez
- Sergi Pedrerol
Weightlifting
Wrestling
References
- ^ "Spain at the 1992 Summer Games". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17. Retrieved 2011-12-28.