Wikipedia

Scottish inventions and discoveries

"the most significant event of the 19th century will be judged as Maxwell's discovery of the laws of electrodynamics"

— Richard Feynman

Scottish inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques either partially or entirely invented, innovated, or discovered by a person born in or descended from Scotland. In some cases, an invention's Scottishness is determined by the fact that it came into existence in Scotland (e.g., animal cloning), by non-Scots working in the country. Often, things that are discovered for the first time are also called "inventions" and in many cases there is no clear line between the two.

The Scots take enormous pride in the history of Scottish invention and discovery. There are many books devoted solely to the subject, as well as scores of websites listing Scottish inventions and discoveries with varying degrees of science.

Even before the Industrial Revolution, Scots have been at the forefront of innovation and discovery across a wide range of spheres. Some of the most significant products of Scottish ingenuity include James Watt's steam engine, improving on that of Thomas Newcomen,[1] the bicycle,[2] macadamisation (not to be confused with tarmac or tarmacadam[3]), Alexander Graham Bell's invention of the first practical telephone,[4] John Logie Baird's invention of television,[5][6] Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin[7] and insulin.[8]

The following is a list of inventions, innovations, or discoveries that are known or generally recognised as being Scottish.

Road transport innovations

Civil engineering innovations

Aviation innovations

  • Aircraft design: Frank Barnwell (1910) Establishing the fundamentals of aircraft design at the University of Glasgow.[23]

Power innovations

Shipbuilding innovations

  • Europe's first passenger steamboat: Henry Bell (1767–1830)[31]
  • The first iron–hulled steamship: Sir William Fairbairn (1789–1874)[32]
  • The first practical screw propeller: Robert Wilson (1803–1882)
  • Marine engine innovations: James Howden (1832–1913)[33]
  • John Elder and Charles Randolph (Marine Compound expansion engine)[33]

Military innovations

  • Lieutenant-General Sir David Henderson two areas:
    • Field intelligence. Argued for the establishment of the Intelligence Corps. Wrote Field Intelligence: Its Principles and Practice (1904) and The Art of Reconnaissance (1907) on the tactical intelligence of modern warfare.[34]
  • Intelligence: Allan Pinkerton developed the still relevant intelligence techniques of "shadowing" (surveillance) and "assuming a role" (undercover work) in his time as head of the Union Intelligence Service.

Heavy industry innovations

Agricultural innovations

Communication innovations

Publishing firsts

  • The first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica (1768–81)[63]
  • The first English textbook on surgery (1597)[64]
  • The first modern pharmacopaedia, William Cullen (1776). The book became 'Europe's principal text on the classification and treatment of disease'. His ideas survive in the terms nervous energy and neuroses (a word that Cullen coined).[65]
  • The first postcards and picture postcards in the UK[66]
  • The educational foundation of Ophthalmology: Stewart Duke-Elder in his ground breaking work including ‘Textbook of Ophthalmology and fifteen volumes of System of Ophthalmology’[67]

Culture and the arts

Scientific innovations

The first positive displacement liquid flowmeter, the reciprocating piston meter by Thomas Kennedy Snr.[120]

Sports innovations

Main article: Sport in Scotland

Scots have been instrumental in the invention and early development of several sports:

  • Australian rules football Scots were prominent with many innovations in the early evolution of the game, including the establishment of the Essendon Football Club by the McCracken family from Ayrshire[121][122][123]
  • several modern athletics events, i.e. shot put[124] and the hammer throw,[124] derive from Highland Games and earlier 12th century Scotland[124]
  • Curling[125]
  • Gaelic handball The modern game of handball is first recorded in Scotland in 1427, when King James I, an ardent handball player, had his men block up a cellar window in his palace courtyard that was interfering with his game.[126]
  • Cycling, invention of the pedal-cycle[127]
  • Golf (see Golf in Scotland)
  • 1848: Association football's Glasgow rules (largely the sport's rules as we know them today) established at University of Glasgow.[128]
  • Ice Hockey, invented by the Scots regiments in Atlantic Canada by playing Shinty on frozen lakes.
  • Shinty The history of Shinty as a non-standardised sport pre-dates Scotland the Nation. The rules were standardised in the 19th century by Archibald Chisholm[129]
  • Rugby sevens: Ned Haig and David Sanderson (1883)[130]
  • The Dugout was invented by Aberdeen FC Coach Donald Colman in the 1920s
  • The world's first Robot Olympics which took place in Glasgow in 1990.

Medical innovations

  • Pioneering the use of surgical anaesthesia with Chloroform: Firstly in 1842 by Robert Mortimer Glover then extended for use on humans by Sir James Young Simpson (1811–1870)[131] Initial use of chloroform in dentistry by Francis Brodie Imlach
  • The Saline drip by Dr Thomas Latta of Leith in 1831/32
  • The hypodermic syringe: Alexander Wood (1817–1884)[132]
  • Transplant rejection: Professor Thomas Gibson (1940s) the first medical doctor to understand the relationship between donor graft tissue and host tissue rejection and tissue transplantation by his work on aviation burns victims during World War II.[133]
  • First diagnostic applications of an ultrasound scanner: Ian Donald (1910–1987)[134]
  • Independent discovery of inoculation for smallpox: Johnnie Notions (c. 1730 – c. 1803)[135]
  • Discovery of hypnotism (November 1841): James Braid (1795–1860)[136]
  • Identifying the mosquito as the carrier of malaria: Sir Ronald Ross (1857–1932)[137]
  • Identifying the cause of brucellosis: Sir David Bruce (1855–1931)[138]
  • Discovering the vaccine for typhoid fever: Sir William B. Leishman (1865–1926)[139]
  • Discovery of Staphylococcus: Sir Alexander Ogston (1880)[140]
  • Discovering the Human papillomavirus vaccine Ian Frazer (2006): the second cancer preventing vaccine, and the world's first vaccine designed to prevent a cancer[141]
  • Discovering insulin: John J R Macleod (1876–1935) with others[8] The discovery led him to be awarded the 1923 Nobel prize in Medicine.[142]
  • Penicillin: Sir Alexander Fleming (1881–1955)[7]
  • General anaesthetic - Pioneered by Scotsman James Young Simpson and Englishman John Snow[143]
  • The establishment of standardized Ophthalmology University College London: Stewart Duke-Elder a pioneering Ophthalmologist[67]
  • The first hospital Radiation therapy unit John Macintyre (1902): to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of injuries and illness at Glasgow Royal Infirmary[144]
  • Pioneering of X-ray cinematography by John Macintyre (1896): the first moving real time X-ray image and the first KUB X-ray diagnostic image of a kidney stone in situ[144][145][146]
  • The Haldane effect a property of hemoglobin first described by John Scott Haldane (1907)[147]
  • Oxygen Therapy John Scott Haldane (1922): with the publication of ‘The Theraputic Administration of Oxygen Therapy’ beginning the modern era of Oxygen therapy[148]
  • Ambulight PDT: light-emitting sticking plaster used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treating non-melanoma skin cancer. Developed by Ambicare Dundee's Ninewells Hospital and St Andrews University. (2010)[149]
  • Discovering an effective tuberculosis treatment: Sir John Crofton in the 1950s[150]
  • Primary creator of the artificial kidney (Professor Kenneth Lowe - Later Queen's physician in Scotland)[151]
  • Developing the first beta-blocker drugs: Sir James W. Black in 1964[152] The discovery revolutionized the medical management of angina[153] and is considered to be one of the most important contributions to clinical medicine and pharmacology of the 20th century.[154] In 1988 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
  • Developing modern asthma therapy based both on bronchodilation (salbutamol) and anti-inflammatory steroids (beclomethasone dipropionate) : Sir David Jack in 1972
  • Glasgow coma scale: Graham Teasdale and Bryan J. Jennett (1974)[155]
  • Glasgow Outcome Scale Bryan J. Jennett & Sir Michael Bond (1975): is a scale so that patients with brain injuries, such as cerebral traumas[156]
  • Discovering & Developing anesthetic drug Propofol Dr. John B. Glen (1977): a globally-used surgical anesthetic common in general surgery cases. In 2018 Dr. Glen received a Lasker Award.[157]
  • Glasgow Anxiety Scale J.Mindham and C.A Espie (2003)[158]
  • Glasgow Depression Scale Fiona Cuthill (2003): the first accurate self-report scale to measure the levels of depression in people with learning disabilities[159]
  • ECG [Electrocardiography]: Alexander Muirhead. First recording of a human ECG (1869)[160][161]
  • The first Decompression tables John Scott Haldane (1908): to calculate the safe return of deep-sea divers to surface atmospheric pressure[162]
  • Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS): Strathclyde University (2014) A laser and nanoparticle test to detect Meningitis or multiple pathogenic agents at the same time.[163]

Household innovations

Weapons innovations

Miscellaneous innovations

See also

  • List of British innovations and discoveries
  • List of domesticated Scottish breeds
  • Homecoming Scotland 2009

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Publications

  • Great Scottish Discoveries and Inventions, Bill Fletcher, William W. Fletcher, John Harrold, Drew, 1985, University of California, ISBN 0-86267-084-5, ISBN 978-0-86267-084-9
  • Great Scottish inventions and discoveries: a concise guide : a selection of Scottish inventions and discoveries made over a period stretching back to the fifteenth century, John Geddes, Northern Books, 1994
  • Scottish Inventors, Alistair Fyfe, HarperCollins, 1999, ISBN 0-00-472326-0, ISBN 978-0-00-472326-6
  • The Scottish invention of America, democracy and human rights: a history of liberty and freedom from the ancient Celts to the New Millennium, Alexander Leslie Klieforth, Robert John Munro, University Press of America, 2004, ISBN 0-7618-2791-9, ISBN 978-0-7618-2791-7
  • Philosophical chemistry in the Scottish enlightenment: the doctrines and discoveries of William Cullen and Joseph Black, Arthur L. Donovan

External links

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