| Rhabdopleura | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
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| Family: | Rhabdopleuridae |
| Genus: | Rhabdopleura |
Rhabdopleura is a genus of colonial sessile hemichordates belonging to the Pterobranchia class. As one of the oldest living genera with a fossil record dating back to the Middle Cambrian, it is also considered to be the only living genus of graptolites.[1]
Rhabdopleura is the best studied pterobranch in developmental biology.[2] Research in the 2010s by Jörg Maletz and other paleontologists and biologists have demonstrated that Rhabdopleura is an extant graptolite.[3][4]
Species
List of species from Maletz (2014):[5]
- Living species
The genus Rhabdopleura contains at least five living species.
- Rhabdopleura annulata Norman 1921 — Indo-Pacific region
- Rhabdopleura compacta Hincks 1880 — Atlantic
- Rhabdopleura normani Allmann, 1869 — Atlantic and parts of the Pacific
- Rhabdopleura recondita Beli, Cameron and Piraino, 2018 — Mediterranean
- Rhabdopleura striata Schepotieff 1909 — Pacific (Sri Lanka)
- Nomen dubium (doubtful)
- Rhabdopleura grimaldi Julien 1890 nomen dubium
- Rhabdopleura manubialis Jullien & Calvet 1903 nomen dubium
- Extinct species
- †Rhabdopleura delmari Mortelmans 1955
- †Rhabdopleura graysoni Chapman, Durman & Rickards 1995
- †Rhabdopleura hollandi Rickards, Chapman & Temple 1984
- †Rhabdopleura kozlowskii Kulicki 1969
- †Rhabdopleura obuti Durman & Sennikov 1993
- †Rhabdopleura sinica Chapman, Durman & Rickards 1995
- †Rhabdopleura vistulae Kozlowski 1956
Fossil record
The fossil record for Rhabdopleura dates back to the Middle Cambrian. There are also Rhabdopleura fossils from the Eocene.[6]
References
- ^ Maletz, Jörg (2017). Graptolite Paleobiology. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781118515617.
- ^ Sato, A; Bishop JDD; Holland PWH (2008). "Developmental biology of pterobranch hemichordates: history and perspectives". Genesis. 46 (11): 587–91. doi:10.1002/dvg.20395. PMID 18798243.
- ^ Sato, A; Rickards, RB; Holland PWH (2008). "The origins of graptolites and other pterobranchs: a journey from 'Polyzoa'". Lethaia. 41 (4): 303–316. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2008.00123.x.
- ^ Mitchell, Charles E.; Michael J. Melchin; Chris B. Cameron; Jörg Maletz (2012). "Phylogenetic analysis reveals that Rhabdopleura is an extant graptolite". Lethaia. 46: 34–56. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2012.00319.x. ISSN 0024-1164.
- ^ Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3): 477–540. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1465. ISSN 1214-1119.
- ^ A.J. Chapman; P.N. Durman; R.B. Rickards. 1995. Rhabdopleuran hemichordates: new fossil forms and review. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association Volume 106, Issue 4, 1995, Pages 293-303. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(08)80240-4