| Pentatomomorpha | |
|---|---|
) | |
| Squash bug, Coreidae | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Infraorder: | Pentatomomorpha |
| Superfamilies | |
| 5–7, see text | |
The Pentatomomorpha comprise an infraorder of insects in the true bug order Hemiptera. It unites such animals as the stink bugs (Pentatomidae), flat bugs (Aradidae), seed bugs (Lygaeidae and Rhyparochromidae), etc. They are closely related to the Cimicomorpha.[1]
Based on the fossil morphology, the common ancestor of Pentatomomorpha must be older than the fossils in the late Triassic. They play an important role in agriculture and forestry industries and they are also used as controlling agents in studies.
Systematics
Five or six superfamilies are usually placed in the Pentatomomorpha. The Aradoidea represent the most basal extant lineage, while the others, often united as clade Trichophora, are more modern:[3]
- Aradoidea Brullé, 1836
- Coreoidea Leach, 1815
- Lygaeoidea Schilling, 1829
- Pentatomoidea Leach, 1815
- Piesmatoidea Amyot & Serville, 1843[4]
- Pyrrhocoroidea Amyot & Serville, 1843
Among these, the Pentatomoidea seem to represent a by and large monophyletic lineage as traditionally understood, while the other three form a close-knit group and are in serious need of redelimitation.[3] The Idiostolidae are sometimes placed in the Lygaeoidea, sometimes in a distinct monotypic superfamily Idiostoloidea, for example.
The Piesmatidae, usually placed in the Lygaeoidea also, are sometimes considered incertae sedis,[5] or placed in a monotypic superfamily Piesmatoidea with the discovery of Cretopiesma. However a cladistic analysis rejected Cretopiesma from Piesmatidae and placed the genus in the family Aradidae.[6]
References
- ^ Dimitri Forero (February 27, 2009). "Heteroptera. True bugs". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Liu, Li, Song, Zhao, Wilson, Cai, Yingqi, Hu , Fan, Yisheng , John‐James, Wanzhi (21 March 2019). "Higher‐level phylogeny and evolutionary history of Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences". science.
- ^ a b "Pentatomomorpha. Flat bugs, stink bugs, seed bugs, leaf-footed bugs, scentless plant bugs, etc". Tree of Life Web Project. January 1, 1995. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ BioLib: superfamily Piesmatoidea Amyot & Serville, 1843 (retrieved 21 May 2020)
- ^ David A. Grimaldi & Michael S. Engel (2007). "An unusual, primitive Piesmatidae (Insecta: Heteroptera) in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Burma)" (PDF). American Museum Novitates. 3611: 1–17. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2008)3611[1:AUPPIH]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Cassis, G., & R.T. Schuh (2010) Systematic methods, fossils, and relationships within Heteroptera (Insecta). Cladistics 26:262-280.
External links
Media related to Pentatomomorpha at Wikimedia Commons
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