| Large-tooth flounders | |
|---|---|
) | |
| Pacific sanddab, Citharichthys sordidus | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Pleuronectiformes |
| Suborder: | Pleuronectoidei |
| Family: | Paralichthyidae Chabanaud, 1937 |
| Type genus | |
| Paralichthys Girard, 1858 | |
| Genera[1] | |
| Ancylopsetta | |
Large-tooth flounders or sand flounders are a family, Paralichthyidae, of flounders.[1][2] The family contains 14 genera with a total of about 110 species. They lie on the sea bed on their right side; both eyes are always on the left side of the head, while the Pleuronectidae usually (but not always) have their eyes on the right side of the head.
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They are found in temperate and tropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.[3]
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Several species are important commercial and game fishes, notably the California halibut, Paralichthys californicus and the Pacific sanddab, Citharichthys sordidus.
Phylogenetic analyses have long indicated the non-monophyly of this family e.g.,[4] and two lineages have been consistently apparent. Termed groups, the two groups were named after genera: a Cyclopsetta group and a Pseudorhombus group (see summary in [5]). A formal description of Cycopsettidae in 2019 created this family consisting of four genera: Cyclopsetta, Etropus, Citharichthys, and Syacium corresponding to the previously recognized Cyclopsetta group.[5] Molecular phylogenetic evidence indicates that Paralichthyidae in this sense is sister to Pleuronectidae and Cyclopsettidae is sister to Bothidae e.g.[6]
References
- ^ a b Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). "Paralichthyidae" in FishBase. October 2012 version.
- ^ Kells, V.; and Carpenter, K. (2011). A Field Guide to Coastal Fishes from Maine to Texas. ISBN 978-0-8018-9838-9
- ^ "Paralichthyidae" World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2014-1-26.
- ^ Pardo, Belén G.; Machordom, Annie; Foresti, Fausto; Porto-Foresti, Fábio; Azevedo, Marisa F. C.; Bañon, Rafael; Sánchez, Laura; Martínez, Paulino (2005-12-30). "Phylogenetic analysis of flatfish (Order Pleuronectiformes) based on mitochondrial 16s rDNA sequences". Scientia Marina. 69 (4): 531–543. doi:10.3989/scimar.2005.69n4531. ISSN 1886-8134.
- ^ a b Campbell, Matthew A.; Chanet, Bruno; Chen, Jhen‐Nien; Lee, Mao‐Ying; Chen, Wei‐Jen (September 2019). "Origins and relationships of the Pleuronectoidei: Molecular and morphological analysis of living and fossil taxa". Zoologica Scripta. 48 (5): 640–656. doi:10.1111/zsc.12372. ISSN 0300-3256.
- ^ Berendzen, Peter B.; Dimmick, Walter Wheaton (August 2002). McEachran, J. D. (ed.). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Pleuronectiformes Based on Molecular Evidence". Copeia. 2002 (3): 642–652. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0642:PROPBO]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0045-8511.