| Orioles | |
|---|---|
) | |
| Black-naped oriole (Oriolus chinensis) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Oriolidae |
| Genus: | Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766 |
| Type species | |
| Coracias oriolus Linnaeus, 1758 | |
| Diversity | |
| 29 species | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Orioles are colourful Old World passerine birds in the genus Oriolus, the namesake of the corvoidean family Oriolidae. They are not related to the New World orioles, which are icterids (family Icteridae) that belong to the superfamily Passeroidea.
Taxonomy and systematics
The genus Oriolus was erected by Linnaeus in 1766 in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae.[1] The type species is the golden oriole (Oriolus oriolus).[2] In 1760 the French ornithologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in his Ornithologie used Oriolus as a subdivision of the genus Turdus,[3] but the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ruled in 1955 that "Oriolus Brisson, 1760" should be suppressed.[4] Linnaeus added more than a dozen additional genera when he updated his 10th edition but he generally based new genera on those that had been introduced by Brisson in his Ornithologie. Oriolus is now the only genus for which Linnaeus's 12th edition is cited as the original publication.[5][6] The name is derived from the old French word oriol which is echoic in origin, derived from the call of the bird[7] but others have suggested origins in classical Latin "aureolus" meaning golden. Various forms of "oriole" have existed in Romance languages since the 12th and 13th centuries.[8]
Extant species
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| Relatedness of species within the genus. Two forms that have not been included in the sequencing and analysis are crassirostris which is expected to be close to brachyrhynchus and tenuirostris which is expected to be close to diffusus[9] |
The genus contains twenty-nine species:[6]
| Image | Common Name | Scientific name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brown oriole | Oriolus szalayi | New Guinea. | |
| Dusky-brown oriole | Oriolus phaeochromus | North Maluku. | |
| Grey-collared oriole | Oriolus forsteni | Seram. | |
| Black-eared oriole | Oriolus bouroensis | Buru island. | |
| Tanimbar oriole | Oriolus decipiens | Tanimbar Islands. | |
| Olive-brown oriole | Oriolus melanotis | Lesser Sundas. | |
) | Olive-backed oriole | Oriolus sagittatus | eastern Australia and south-central New Guinea. |
) | Green oriole | Oriolus flavocinctus | Australia and New Guinea. |
) | Dark-throated oriole | Oriolus xanthonotus | Southeast Asia through Borneo and the Philippines. |
| Philippine oriole | Oriolus steerii | Philippines. | |
| White-lored oriole | Oriolus albiloris | Luzon island (Philippines). | |
| Isabela oriole | Oriolus isabellae | Luzon in the Philippines | |
) | Eurasian golden oriole | Oriolus oriolus | Europe and western Asia and spends the winter season in central and southern Africa. |
) | Indian golden oriole | Oriolus kundoo | Indian subcontinent and Central Asia. |
.jpg')) | African golden oriole | Oriolus auratus | Africa south of the Sahara desert. |
.jpg')) | Slender-billed oriole | Oriolus tenuirostris | eastern Himalayas to Southeast Asia. |
) | Black-naped oriole | Oriolus chinensis | eastern Siberia, Ussuriland, northeastern China, Korea and northern Vietnam |
) | Green-headed oriole | Oriolus chlorocephalus | eastern Africa. |
| São Tomé oriole | Oriolus crassirostris | island of São Tomé. | |
_(cropped).jpg')) | Western oriole | Oriolus brachyrynchus | Africa. |
| Ethiopian oriole | Oriolus monacha | north-eastern Africa | |
| Mountain oriole | Oriolus percivali | Democratic Republic of Congo to central Kenya and western Tanzania. | |
) | Black-headed oriole | Oriolus larvatus | Africa |
| Black-winged oriole | Oriolus nigripennis | Sierra Leone and Liberia to southern South Sudan, western Uganda, central Democratic Republic of Congo and north-western Angola. | |
) | Black-hooded oriole | Oriolus xanthornus | tropical southern Asia from India and Sri Lanka east to Indonesia. |
| Black oriole | Oriolus hosii | Sarawak in Borneo | |
.jpg')) | Black-and-crimson oriole | Oriolus cruentus | Indonesia and Malaysia |
_-_cropped.jpg')) | Maroon oriole | Oriolus traillii | Southeast Asia. |
.jpg')) | Silver oriole | Oriolus mellianus | southern China and winters in mainland Southeast Asia. |
Former species
Formerly, some authorities also considered the following species (or subspecies) as species within the genus Oriolus:
- Green figbird (as Oriolus viridis)[10]
- Brown-eared bulbul (squamiceps) (as Oriolus squamiceps)[11]
Distribution and habitat
The orioles are a mainly tropical group, although one species, the Eurasian golden oriole, breeds in temperate regions.
Footnotes
- ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Volume 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 160.
- ^ Mayr, Ernst; Greenway, James C. Jr, eds. (1962). Check-list of birds of the world. Volume 15. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 122.
- ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Volume 2. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. p. 320.
- ^ I.C.Z.N. (1955). "Direction 21: Validation under the Plenary Powers of the generic names Bubo Dumeril, 1806, Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790, Egretta Forster, 1817, and Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766 (class Aves), by the suppression of older homonyms published by Brisson in 1760 (validation of four erroneous entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made by the ruling given in Opinion 67)". Opinions and Declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1 (Section C, Part C 12): 161–178.
- ^ Allen, J.A. (1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 28: 317–335.
- ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Orioles, drongos & fantails". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 284.
- ^ "Oriole". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ Jønsson, Knud A; Bowie, Rauri C. K; Moyle, Robert G; Irestedt, Martin; Christidis, Les; Norman, Janette A; Fjeldså, Jon (2010). "Phylogeny and biogeography of Oriolidae (Aves: Passeriformes)". Ecography. 33 (2): 232–241. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06167.x.
- ^ "Sphecotheres viridis - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
- ^ "Hypsipetes amaurotis squamiceps - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-11-08.
External links
- Orioles (Oriolidae) - videos, photos and sounds at the Internet Bird Collection