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List of tallest towers

(redirected from List of towers)

This is a list of extant towers that fulfill the engineering definition of a tower: "a tall human structure, always taller than it is wide, for public or regular operational access by humans, but not for living in or office work, and are self-supporting or free-standing, which means no guy-wires for support."[1][2][3] The definition means the exclusion from this list of continuously habitable buildings and skyscrapers as well as radio and TV masts. Also excluded from this list because they are not designed for public or regular operational access are bridge towers or pylons, wind turbines, chimneys, transmission towers, sculptures and most large statues and obelisks.

Towers are most often built to use their height for various purposes and can stand alone or as part of a larger structure. Some common purposes are for telecommunications, and as a viewing platform.

The Tokyo Skytree, completed in February 2012, is 634 m (2,080 ft), making it the tallest tower, and second-tallest free-standing structure in the world.[4][5][6]

Entirely self-supported towers

Towers taller than 250 metres

bold Denotes tower that is or was once the tallest in the world
Rank Name Pinnacle height Year Structure Country City Remarks
1 Tokyo Skytree 634 m (2,080 ft) 2012 Lattice tower Japan Tokyo Tallest tower in the world since 2011, second-tallest freestanding structure in the world (after the Burj Khalifa)
2 Canton Tower 604 m (1,982 ft) 2010 Steel & concrete China Guangzhou Tallest in the world 2009–11
3 CN Tower 553.33 m (1,815.4 ft) 1976 Concrete Canada Toronto Tallest freestanding structure in the world 1975–2007, tallest in the western hemisphere
4 Ostankino Tower 540.1 m (1,772 ft) 1967 Russia Moscow Tallest freestanding structure in the world, 1967–75, tallest in Europe
5 Oriental Pearl Tower 468 m (1,535 ft) 1994 Concrete China Shanghai Tallest in China 1994–2007
6 Milad Tower 435 m (1,427 ft) 2008 Iran Tehran Tallest in the Middle East
7 KL Tower 421 m (1,381 ft) 1994 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Tallest in South East Asia
8 Tianjin Radio and Television Tower 415.2 m (1,362 ft) 1991 China Tianjin Tallest in Asia 1991-1994,Tallest in North China
9 Central Radio and TV Tower 405 m (1,329 ft) 1992 Beijing
10 Zhongyuan Tower 388 m (1,273 ft) 2011 Steel Zhengzhou
12 Tashkent Tower 374.9 m (1,230 ft) 1985 Steel Uzbekistan Tashkent Tallest in Central Asia
13 Liberation Tower 372 m (1,220 ft) 1996 Concrete Kuwait Kuwait City
14 Almaty Tower 371.5 m (1,219 ft) 1983 Steel Kazakhstan Almaty
15 Riga Radio and TV Tower 368.5 m (1,209 ft) 1986 Latvia Riga Tallest in the European Union
16 Berliner Fernsehturm 368 m (1,207 ft) 1969 Concrete Germany Berlin Tallest structure in Germany
17 Küçük Çamlıca Radio and TV Tower 365.5 m (1,199 ft) 2020 Turkey Istanbul
18 Lotus Tower 350 m (1,150 ft) 2019 Sri Lanka Colombo Tallest structure in South Asia
19 Stratosphere Tower 350.2 m (1,149 ft) 1996 United States Las Vegas Tallest observation tower in the United States
20 West Pearl Tower 339 m (1,112 ft) 2004 China Chengdu
21 Macau Tower 338 m (1,109 ft) 2001 China Macau
22 Europaturm 337.5 m (1,107 ft) 1979 Germany Frankfurt
23 Dragon Tower 336 m (1,102 ft) 2000 Lattice Tower China Harbin
24 Tokyo Tower 332.6 m (1,091 ft) 1958 Lattice Tower Japan Tokyo Tallest in the world 1958–67
25 Arqiva Tower 330.4 m (1,084 ft) 1971 Concrete United Kingdom Kirklees Tallest freestanding structure in the United Kingdom
26 Huai'an TV Tower[7][8] 329.8 m (1,082 ft) 2015 China Huaiyin
28 Sky Tower (Auckland) 328 m (1,076 ft) 1997 Concrete New Zealand Auckland Tallest freestanding structure in the Southern Hemisphere
29 Vilnius TV Tower 326.5 m (1,071 ft) 1980 Lithuania Vilnius
30= Saint Petersburg TV Tower 326 m (1,070 ft) 1962 Lattice Tower Russia Saint Petersburg
30= Linyi Radio & TV Tower[9][10] 326 m (1,070 ft) 2010 Steel China Linyi
32 Eiffel Tower 324 m (1,063 ft) 1889 Lattice Tower France Paris First to surpass 300 metres, tallest tower in the world 1889–1958, oldest in this list
34 Rameswaram TV Tower 323 m (1,060 ft) 1995 Concrete India Rameswaram
35 Jiangsu Nanjing TV Tower 318.5 m (1,045 ft) 1996 China Nanjing
37 Tallinn TV Tower 314 m (1,030 ft) 1980 Concrete Estonia Tallinn
38 Yerevan TV Tower 311.7 m (1,023 ft) 1977 Lattice Tower Armenia Yerevan [11]
39 Tortoise Mountain TV Tower 311.4 m (1,022 ft) 1986 Concrete China Wuhan China's first self-supported TV tower
40 Baku TV Tower 310 m (1,020 ft) 1996 Azerbaijan Baku
41 Sydney Tower 309 m (1,014 ft) 1981 Australia Sydney
42 Liaoning Broadcast and TV Tower 305.5 m (1,002 ft) 1989 China Shenyang
44= Jaisalmer TV Tower 300 m (984 ft) 1993 Concrete Jaisalmer
44= Samatra TV Tower 300 m (984 ft) 1999 Bhuj
44= VRT Toren 300 m (984 ft) 1996 Belgium Sint-Pieters-Leeuw
48 Zhuzhou Television Tower 293 m (961 ft) 1999 Lattice Tower China Zhuzhou
49 Fernmeldeturm Nürnberg 292 m (958 ft) 1977 Concrete Germany Nuremberg
50 Olympiaturm 289.5 m (950 ft) 1968 Munich
51 Telemax 282.2 m (926 ft) 1992 Hannover
52 Shijiazhuang TV Tower[12] 280 m (920 ft) 1998 Lattice Tower China Shijiazhuang
53 Heinrich-Hertz-Turm 279.7 m (918 ft) 1968 Concrete Germany Hamburg
54 Central Plains Pearl TV Tower[13][14] 278 m (912 ft) 1998 Steel China Luoyang
56 Georgia Tbilisi TV Broadcasting Tower 274.5 m (901 ft) 1972 Steel Georgia Tbilisi
57 Hillbrow Tower 269 m (883 ft) 1971 Concrete South Africa Johannesburg Tallest in Africa
58 Kaifeng TV Tower 268 m (879 ft) 1995 China Kaifeng
59 Colonius 266 m (873 ft) 1981 Germany Cologne
60 Minaret of Djamaa el Djazaïr 265 m (869 ft) 2019 Algeria Algiers
61 Novorossiysk TV Tower 261.5 m (858 ft) 1996 Russia Novorossiysk
62 Daqing Radio and Television Tower 260 m (850 ft) 1989 Lattice tower China Daqing
63 Olympic Park Observation Tower 258 m (846 ft) 2014 Steel China Beijing
65 Endem TV Tower 257 m (843 ft) 2008 Concrete Turkey Istanbul
67 Fernmeldeturm Kühkopf 255 m (837 ft) 1976 Concrete Germany Koblenz
68= Donauturm 252 m (827 ft) 1964 Austria Vienna
68= Fernsehturm Dresden-Wachwitz 252 m (827 ft) 1969 Germany Dresden

Towers between 200 and 250 metres tall

Tower Pinnacle height Year Country City Remarks
St. Chrischona Tower 250 m 1984 Switzerland Bettingen
Jeddah TV Tower 250 m 2006 Saudi Arabia Jeddah
Shaanxi Provincial TV Tower 245 m 1987 China Xi'an
Rheinturm Düsseldorf 240.5 m 1981 Germany Düsseldorf Was 234.2 m before another antenna was mounted in 2004
Pattaya Park Tower[15] 240 m ? Thailand Pattaya
N Seoul Tower 239.7 m 1975 South Korea Seoul
Foshan TV Tower[16] 238 m 1995 China Foshan
Sentech Tower 237 m 1962 South Africa Johannesburg
Bremen-Walle Telecommunication Tower 235.7 m 1986 Germany Bremen-Walle
Pitampura TV Tower 235 m 1988 India Delhi
Fukuoka Tower 234 m 1989 Japan Fukuoka
Qingdao TV Tower 232 m 1994 China Qingdao
Torrespaña 231 m 1982 Spain Madrid
Tower of the Americas 228.6 m 1968 United States San Antonio, Texas
Torre Espacial 228 m 1980 Argentina Buenos Aires
Katanga TV Tower 225 m 1992 India Jabalpur
Brasilia TV Tower 224 m 1965 Brazil Brasilia
Buková hora TV Tower 223 m 1975 Czech Republic Bukova hora
Fernmeldeturm Münster 42 222.5 m 1986 Germany Münster
Florianturm 219.6 m 1959 Germany Dortmund
Jilin Radio and TV Tower[17] 218 m 1997 China Jilin
Guangzhou TV Tower 1991 Guangzhou
Fernsehturm Stuttgart 216.8 m 1956 Germany Stuttgart-Degerloch World's first concrete TV tower
Prague - Žižkov Television Tower 216 m 1992 Czech Republic Prague
Fernmeldeturm Mannheim 212.8 m 1975 Germany Mannheim
Fernmeldeturm Berlin 212 m 1964 Germany Berlin
Turkmenistan Broadcasting Centre 211 m 2011 Turkmenistan Ashgabat
Minaret of Hassan II Mosque 210 m 1993 Morocco Casablanca
Transmitter Hornisgrinde 206 m 1972 Germany Hornisgrinde
Ujudvar TV Tower[18] 206 m 1972 Hungary Ujudvar
Baghdad Tower 205 m 1994 Iraq Baghdad Formerly International Saddam Tower
Donnersberg TV Tower[19] 204.82 m 1962 Germany Donnersberg
Avala TV Tower 204.5 m 1965 Serbia Avala, near Belgrade Destroyed in NATO bombing on 29 April 1999; reconstruction completed October 2009; tallest in the Balkans
Rousse TV Tower 204 m 1987 Bulgaria Rousse
TV tower Helpterberge 203.2 m 1981 Germany Helpterberge
Woobang Tower[20] 202 m 1992 South Korea Daegu

Towers between 150 and 200 metres tall

Tower Pinnacle height Year Country City Remarks
Xuzhou TV Tower 199 m 1990 China Xuzhou
Zendmast Roermond 197.7 m 1957 Netherlands Roermond
KPN Tower Hilversum 196 m 1973 Hilversum
Bantiger TV Tower 196 m 1996 Switzerland Bolligen
Sky Tower Nishitōkyō 195 m 1988 Japan Nishitōkyō, Tokyo
Telstra Tower 1980 Australia Canberra
Kamzik TV Tower 194 m 1975 Slovakia Bratislava
Gateway Arch 192 m 1965 United States St. Louis
KPN-Zendmast Waalhaven 191.5 m 1962 Netherlands Rotterdam-Waalhaven
Orissaare TV Tower 191 m 1965 Estonia Orissaare
Dalian Radio and TV Tower 190.5 m 1990 China Dalian
Calgary Tower 190 m 1967 Canada Calgary
BT Tower 188 m 1964 United Kingdom London
Cairo Tower 1961 Egypt Cairo
Telecom Italia Tower Rozzano 187 m 1990 Italy Rozzano - Milan
Kuwait Towers 1979 Kuwait Kuwait City
Vitosha Mountain TV Tower 186 m 1985 Bulgaria Vitosha Mountain
Euromast 186 m 1962 Netherlands Rotterdam
TV tower Decquede 184.5 m 1959 Germany Dequede
Space Needle 184 m 1962 United States Seattle
Brasilia Digital TV Tower 182 m 2012 Brazil Brasília, DF
Nagoya TV Tower 180 m 1954 Japan Nagoya
PL Peace Tower 1970 Tondabayashi
Hošťálkovice transmitter 1979 Czech Republic Ostrava
Samut Prakan Observation Tower 179.55 2017 Thailand Samut Prakan
Telecommunication Tower Bungsberg 179 m 1977 Germany Bungsberg
Löffelstelz Transmitter 2000 Germany Bad Mergentheim
Monte da Virgem Tower 177 m ? Portugal Vila Nova de Gaia
Pécs TV Tower 176 m 1973 Hungary Pécs
Olympic Stadium tower
175.3 m 1987 Canada Montreal Highest inclined tower in the world, with its 45-degree angle.
Zendstation Markelo 174.4 m ? Netherlands Markelo
San Jacinto Monument 172.92 m / 567.31 ft 1939 United States La Porte, Texas World's tallest monumental column
Reunion Tower 170.7 m 1978 Dallas
Iriški Venac TV Tower 170 m 1975 Serbia near Novi Sad
Juche Tower 1982 North Korea Pyongyang
Riyadh TV Tower 1981 Saudi Arabia Riyadh
Spinnaker Tower 2005 United Kingdom Portsmouth
Washington Monument 169.3 m / 555 ft 5 in 1884 United States Washington, DC Observation level at 152 m
Zagreb TV Tower 169 m 1973 Croatia Zagreb
Fernmeldeturm Bödefeld 173 m 1968 Germany Schmallenberg-Bödefeld
Näsinneula Observation Tower 168 m 1971 Finland Tampere Located at Särkänniemi amusement park
Menara Alor Star 165.5 m 1998 Malaysia Alor Star
Hünenburg Telecommunication Tower 165 m 1972 Germany Bielefeld-Hühnenburg Also known as Fernmeldeturm Teutoburger Wald
Las Vegas Eiffel Tower 164.6 m 1999 United States Las Vegas Replica of Eiffel Tower
Praděd TV Tower 162 m 1983 Czech Republic Praděd Mountain
Ulm Münster 161.5 m 1377–1890 Germany Ulm Tallest church tower in the world
British Airways i360 161 m 2016 United Kingdom Brighton Thinnest tall tower in the world[21]
Osaka Tower 160 m 1966 Japan Osaka
Skylon Tower 1965 Canada Niagara Falls
Blackpool Tower 158 m 1894 United Kingdom Blackpool
Gold Tower 1988 Japan Utazu, Kagawa
Pylons of Cádiz 1960 Spain Cádiz Hyperboloid pylons
Cologne Cathedral 157.4 m 1248–1880 Germany Cologne Twin spires
Snejanka tower 156 m 1978 Bulgaria Pamporovo - Mount Snejanka Also known as Pamporovo TV Tower
Kaknäs TV Tower 155 m 1964 Sweden Stockholm
Funkturm Arsenal 1975 Austria Vienna
Kaikyo Yume Tower 153 m 1996 Japan Shimonoseki
BT Tower 152 m 1967 United Kingdom Birmingham
Rouen Cathedral 151 m 1145–1876 France Rouen
Cuyahoga Falls Cathedral Tower 150.57 m 1971 United States Cuyahoga Falls unfinished TV tower
Funkturm Berlin 150 m 1926 Germany Berlin Only observation tower standing on insulators
Cruz de los Caídos 1956 Spain San Lorenzo de El Escorial Tallest cross in the world
Galaţi TV Tower 1978 Romania Galaţi
SM Seaside City Cebu Tower 2016 Philippines Cebu City, Philippines

Towers between 100 and 150 metres tall

Tower Pinnacle height Year Country City Remarks
St. Nikolai, Hamburg 147.3 m 1846–77 Germany Hamburg Church ruin
Sapporo TV Tower 147.2 m 1957 Japan Sapporo
Menara TVRI 147.2 m[22] 1977 Indonesia Jakarta
Dobrich TV Tower 146 m 1979 Bulgaria Dobrich
Fallturm Bremen 1990 Germany Bremen
Vasco da Gama Tower 145 m 1998 Portugal Lisboa
Strasbourg Cathedral 144 m 1176–1439 France Strasbourg
Nozema Tower Wormer 1968 Netherlands Wormer
Zigong TV Tower 143.6 m 1988 China Zigong
Akita Port Tower Selion 1994 Japan Akita
Heubach Telecommunication Tower 142.8 m 1965 Heubach
Jakobsberg Telecommunication Tower 142 m 1978 Germany Porta Westfalica-Jakobsberg
Monte Mario Tower 140 m ? Italy Rome
Nozema Zendstation 139.5 m 1957 Netherlands Mierlo
Twin Arch 138 138 m 1995 Japan Ichinomiya
Goes TV Tower 137 m 1957 Netherlands Goes Also known as Nozema TV Tower Goes. Between 1957 and 2007 153 m tall.
Hohenstadt Transmission Tower ? Germany Hohenstadt
Monas 1975 Indonesia Jakarta
St. Chrischona, old tower 136 m 1962 Switzerland St. Chrischona
Montjuic Communications Tower 1992 Spain Barcelona
Higashiyama Sky Tower 134 m 1989 Japan Nagoya
Radio City Tower 1969 United Kingdom Liverpool
KLIA2 Control Tower 133.8m 2013 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Tallest air-traffic control tower in the world[23]
Mulleklenkes 133 m 1984 Germany Aachen Radio-DVB-T Transmission Tower de:Mulleklenkes
Nozema Zendstation The Hague 1965 Netherlands The Hague
BKK Control Tower 132.2 m 2006 Thailand Bang Phli Second-tallest air-traffic control tower in the world
Telefónica Chile Tower 132 m 1996 Chile Santiago
TV-toren Ittervoort ? Netherlands Ittervoort
Telecommunication Tower Leipzig ? Germany Leipzig
Kyoto Tower 131 m 1964 Japan Kyoto
1000 Islands SkyDeck 130 m 1965 Canada Hill Island, Ontario
TV Tower Nordhelle 1984 Germany Nordhelle
Telecommunication tower Großerlach 1985 Großerlach
Zendstation Loon op Zand 1986 Netherlands Loon op Zand
Shiraz Tower 2011 Iran Shiraz
KUL Control Tower 1998 Malaysia Kuala-Lumpur
Piątkowo transmitter, Tower 2 128 m 1993 Poland Poznań
Sanctuary of Our Lady of Licheń 2004 Licheń
Express Lift Tower 127.45 m 1980–82 United Kingdom Northampton
Torre Entel 127.4 m 1974 Chile Santiago
Glasgow Tower 127 m 2001 United Kingdom Glasgow
Aliant Tower 127 m 1971 Canada Moncton
Dreamworld Tower 126.5m 1997 Australia Dreamworld, Coomera
Sender Inselsberg 126 m 1974 Germany Inselsberg Mountain Was 43.31 when constructed in 1939
Grobal Tower 125 m 1995 Japan Beppu
FMT 6 - Brackenheim ? Germany Brackenheim
Chiba Port Tower 1986 Japan Chiba
Atakule Tower 1989 Turkey Ankara
Riga Radio Station ? Latvia Riga
Gatlinburg Space Needle 124 m 1970 United States Gatlinburg
Tyholttårnet 1985 Norway Trondheim
Banharn-Jamsai Tower 123.25 m 1994 Thailand Suphan Buri
Salisbury Cathedral 123 m 1220–1320 United Kingdom Salisbury
Sender Brocken 1937 &
1974
Germany Brocken Mountain 95 m on original tower
Mont Pèlerin TV Tower 122.6 m 1974 Switzerland Mont Pèlerin
Pääskyvuoren linkkitorni 122 m 1964 Finland Turku
Ginosa Water Tower ? Italy Ginosa
Zendstation Megen 121 m 1980 Netherlands Megen
Fernmeldeturm Duisburg Germany Duisburg
Gibloux Radio Tower 118.7 m ? Switzerland Sorens
Crossland Tower 118 m 1994 Japan Oyabe, Toyama
Silistra TV Tower 117 m 1979 Bulgaria Silistra
Lisebergstornet 116.1 m 1990 Sweden Göteborg
Observation tower of la Cité de l'Énergie 115 m ? Canada Shawinigan, Quebec
Bernauer Birzel 115 m ? Germany Bernau
Torrazzo of Cremona 112.7 m 1309 Italy Cremona
Domtoren 112.5 m 1328 Netherlands Utrecht Free-standing medieval church tower, see also list of tallest churches
Bytków TV Tower 110 m ? Poland Siemianowice Śląskie
Tiger Sky Tower 2004 Singapore Sentosa Island
Taming Sari Tower 2008 Malaysia Melaka
Terminal 21 Korat Tower 2016 Thailand Nakhon Ratchasima
Exelberg Telecommunication Tower 109 m Austria Vienna
Torre Branca 108.6 m 1933 Italy Milan
Kobe Port Tower 108 m 1963 Japan Kobe
Tour Hertzienne TDF de Romainville 108 m 1984 France Paris-Romainville Also known as Tour Relais TDF
Goryokaku Tower 107 m 2006 Japan Hakodate
Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial 1915 United States Put-in-Bay, Ohio World's most massive Doric column; fourth-tallest memorial in the U.S.
Torre Jaume I 1931 Spain Barcelona Connected with Torre Sant Sebastia by Port Vell Aerial Tramway
Bremerhaven Radar Tower 106.1 m 1965 Germany Bremerhaven
Yokohama Marine Tower 106 m 1961 Japan Yokohama
Borisova Gradina TV Tower 1959 Bulgaria Sofia
Tsutenkaku 103 m 1956 Japan Osaka
Scream 1992 Germany Soltau - Heidepark Gyro-Drop Tower
Total Tower 102.4 m 1994 United States Denver
Roi Et Observation Tower 101 m 2020 Thailand Roi Et
Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower 100 m 1908 United Kingdom Birmingham, England
Beppu Tower 1957 Japan Beppu
Hakata Port Tower 1964 Japan Fukuoka
Ještěd TV Tower 1968 Czech Republic Jested
Hokkaido Centennial Monument 1970 Japan Sapporo
Bazita Peak TV Tower 1975 Hungary Zalaegerszeg
Holstein Tower 1988 Germany Sierksdorf Additionally guyed Gyro-Tower
Faro de Moncloa 1992 Spain Madrid

Towers proposed or under construction

This is a list of towers that are proposed or under construction with a minimum height of 250m

Tower
Year
Country
City
Pinnacle height
Status
Function
Ref
Dubai Creek Tower 2022 United Arab Emirates Dubai 828 m under construction observation [24]
Princesa Tower ? Philippines Puerto Princessa 680 m proposed observation [25]
Hanoi Broadcast Tower ? Vietnam Hanoi 636 m observation / telecommunications [26]
Huanghe Landmark Tower ? China Lanzhou 588 m [27]
Icon Siam Tower ? Thailand Bangkok 459 m [28]
Tower Infinity 2024 South Korea Incheon 448 m under construction observation / leisure / exhibition [29]
Holy Mosque Twin Minarets ? Saudi Arabia Mecca 420 m under construction religious [30]
Tulip ? United Kingdom London 305 m cancelled observation
SkyRise Miami 2023 United States Miami 301 m under construction observation

Diagram

Ostankino TowerOriental Pearl TowerTallest towers in the world.svg

Timeline of tallest towers

From To Tower Country City Pinnacle height
280 BC 1180 AD Pharos Lighthouse Egypt Alexandria 122 m (400 ft)
1180 1240 Malmesbury Abbey Tower United Kingdom Malmesbury 131.3 m (431 ft)
1240 1311 Tower of Old St Paul's Cathedral London 150 m (490 ft)
1311 1549 Tower of Lincoln Cathedral Lincoln 159.7 m (524 ft)
1549 1647 Tower of St Mary's church Germany Stralsund 151 m (495 ft)
1647 1874 Tower of Strasbourg Cathedral France Strasbourg 142 m (466 ft)
1874 1876 Tower of St. Nikolai Germany Hamburg 147 m (482 ft)
1876 1880 Tower of Rouen Cathedral France Rouen 151 m (495 ft)
1880 1889 Tower of Cologne Cathedral Germany Cologne 157.38 m (516.3 ft)
1889 1956 Eiffel Tower France Paris 312.27 m (1,024.5 ft)
1957 1958 Eiffel Tower France Paris 320.75 m (1,052.3 ft)
1958 1967 Tokyo Tower Japan Tokyo 332.6 m (1,091 ft)
1967 1975 Ostankino Tower Russia Moscow 540.1 m (1,772 ft)
1975 2009 CN Tower Canada Toronto 553.33 m (1,815.4 ft)
2009 2011 Canton Tower China Guangzhou 604 m (1,982 ft)
2011 present Tokyo Skytree Japan Tokyo 634 m (2,080 ft)

See also

References

  1. ^ ctbuh. "CTBUH Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings". www.ctbuh.org. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  2. ^ Gerometta, Marshall. "Height: The History of Measuring Tall Buildings". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. CTBUH. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  3. ^ "World's Tallest Tower Rises in Tokyo". 29 November 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  4. ^ "Tokyo Sky Tree construction ends: World's tallest tower prepares to open". Cable News Network. 1 March 2012. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  5. ^ Danielle Demetriou (1 March 2012). "Tokyo unveils world's tallest communications tower". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  6. ^ "Tokyo Skytree website" (in Japanese). Tobu Railway Co., Ltd. & Tobu Tower Skytree Co., Ltd. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  7. ^ "Huai`an TV Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
  8. ^ Huai'an TV Tower at Emporis
  9. ^ "Linyi Radio & TV Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  10. ^ Linyi Radio and TV Tower at Emporis
  11. ^ "Yerevan TV Tower". Skyscraper Center. CTBUH. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  12. ^ "Shijiazhuang TV Tower". CTBUH. Retrieved 2020-01-19.
  13. ^ "Central Plains Pearl TV Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  14. ^ 1263911 at Emporis
  15. ^ https://mythailandtours.com/pattaya-park-tower/
  16. ^ TV-Tower at Emporis
  17. ^ Jilin Radio and TV Tower at Emporis
  18. ^ Ujudvar TV Tower at Emporis
  19. ^ Sender Donnersberg at Emporis
  20. ^ Woobang Tower at Emporis
  21. ^ "Duke of Edinburgh officially opens Brighton's i360 tower". BBC. 28 October 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  22. ^ http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=51406
  23. ^ "Tallest airport control tower". Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  24. ^ "Dubai Creek Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  25. ^ "'Princesa Tower' to rise in Puerto Princesa". Palawan News. 18 September 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
  26. ^ "Hanoi Broadcast Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  27. ^ "Huanghe Landmark Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  28. ^ "Icon Siam Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  29. ^ "Cheongna City International Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  30. ^ "Holy Mosque Twin Minaret 1 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
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