Medieval music generally encompasses the music of the Western Europe during the Middle Ages, from approximately the 6th to 15th centuries.
Medieval composers
No surviving music · Uncertain status as a composer
| Name | Lifetime | Nationality | Musical school | Surviving works | Image | Ref(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Western Roman Empire falls in 476, ushering in the Middle Ages | ||||||
(5th century) Early Middle Ages | ||||||
| (9th century) The Abbey of Saint Gall becomes a musical and literary center of Europe | ||||||
| Notker the Stammerer (Notker Balbulus) | c. 840 – 912 | Frankish? | Abbey of Saint Gall | Three works | ) | [1][2][3][4] |
| Tuotilo | c. 850 – 915 | Frankish | Abbey of Saint Gall | Five works | – | [5][6] |
| Stephen of Liège | c. 850 – 920 | Belgian | – | Three works | – | [7] |
| Hucbald | c. 850 – 930 | Frankish | – | Five works | – | [8][9] |
| Odo of Cluny | c. 878 – 942 | French | – | 15 works; 3 hymns and 12 antiphons (?) | ) | [10][11] |
| Heriger of Lobbes (Herigerus) | c. 925 – 1007 | Belgian | – | Four works | – | [12] |
| Odo of Arezzo (Abbot Oddo) | 10th century – 11th century | Italian | – | – | [13] | |
| Fulbert of Chartres | c. 960 – 1028 | French | – | Three chants | – | [14] |
| William of Volpiano (William of Dijon, William of Saint Benignus) | 962–1031 | Italian | – | ) | [15] | |
| Notker Physicus (Notker II) | d. 975 | Frankish | Abbey of Saint Gall | Three works | – | [16] |
| Adémar de Chabannes | c. 988/9 – 1034 | French | Saint Martial school | Two works (?); An Office and Mass | – | [17] |
| Wulfstan the Cantor (Wulfstan of Winchester) | fl. 992–6 | English | – | Seven works; All uncertain attributions | – | [18] |
| Wipo of Burgundy | c. 995 – c. 1050 | Frankish? (Arles/ Burgundy) | – | Victimae paschali laudes | – | [19] |
(1000) High Middle Ages | ||||||
| Arnold of Saint Emmeram | c. 1000 – 1050 | Benedictine | Saint Emmeram's Abbey | 60 works; over 40 antiphons and 20 responsories | – | [20] |
| Otloh of Sankt Emmeram | c. 1010–1070 | Benedictine | Saint Emmeram's Abbey | Exultemus in ista fratres, Kyrie O pater immense and chants | – | [21] |
| Hermann of Reichenau Hermannus Contractus | 1013–1054 | German | – | Two works | ) | [22] |
| Berno of Reichenau | before 1014 – 1048 | Probably German | – | Two works | – | [23] |
| Godric | c. 1069 – 1170 | English | – | Three songs | ) | [24][25] |
| Adam of Saint Victor | c. 1068 – 1146 | French | – | Four works | – | [26][27] |
| (1071) The earliest Troubadour whose work survives, William IX, Duke of Aquitaine, is born | ||||||
| William IX, Duke of Aquitaine (Guilhem de Peitieus; Guillaume d'Aquitaine) | 1071–1126 | Occitan | Troubadour | One work; 11 poems total | ) | [28] |
| Peter Abelard | 1079–1142 | French | – | ) | [29] | |
| Hildegard of Bingen | 1098–1179 | German | – | 72 works | ) | [30][31] |
| Jaufre Rudel | fl. 1120–47 | Occitan | Troubadour | Four works; six poems total | ) | [32] |
| Marcabru | fl. c. 1129–c1150 | Occitan | Troubadour | Four works; 42 poems total | ) | [33] |
| Archpoet (Archipoeta) | c. 1130 – c. 1165 | Western European probably French or German | Goliard | 10 medieval Latin poems | – | [34] |
| Bernart de Ventadorn | c. 1130–1140 – c. 1190–1200 | Occitan | Troubadour | 19 (1 fragmentary) works; 45 poems total | ) | [35] |
| Giraut de Bornelh | c. 1140 – c. 1200 | Occitan | Troubadour | Four works; 77 poems total | ) | [36] |
| (Mid 12th-century) Minnesänger are first recorded; beginning with Heinrich von Veldeke | ||||||
| Heinrich von Veldeke | 1140–1150 – c. 1190 | German | Minnesang | No surviving works; 61 poems total | ) | [37] |
| (Mid 12th-century) Trouvères are first recorded; beginning with the pseudonymous "Vidame de Chartres" and Chrétien de Troyes | ||||||
| "Vidame de Chartres" (probably Guillaume de Ferrières) | c. 1145–1155 – 1204 | French | Trouvère | – | [38] | |
| Albertus Parisiensis | fl. 1146–1177 | French | – | Congaudeant catholici | – | [39] |
| Peire d'Alvernha | fl. 1149–70 | Occitan | Troubadour | Two works; 24 poems total | .jpg')) | [40] |
| Dietmar von Aist | fl. 2nd half of the 12th century | German | Minnesinger | No surviving music | ) | [41] |
| Friedrich von Hûsen (Friedrich von Hausen) | c. 1150 – 1190 | German | Minnesänger | No music survives; 53 strophes | ) | [42] |
| Léonin | fl. 1150s – c. 1201 | French | Notre-Dame school (Ars antiqua) | [43] | ||
| Bertran de Born | 1150 – before 1215 | Occitan | Troubadour | ) | [44] | |
| Gaucelm Faidit | c. 1150 – c. 1220 | Occitan | Troubadour | 14 works; 68 poems total | .jpg')) | [45] |
| Arnaut Daniel | c. 1150–60 – c. 1200 | Occitan | Troubadour | Two works; 18 poems total | ) | [46] |
| Raimbaut de Vaqueiras | c. 1150–60 – 1207 | Occitan | Troubadour | Seven works; 35 poems total | ) | [47] |
| Folquet de Marselha (Folquet de Marseille) | c. 1150–60 – 1231 | Occitan | Troubadour | 13 works; 29 poems total | .jpg')) | [48] |
| Conon de Béthune | c. 1160 – 1219 /20 | French | Trouvère | Seven works; eight poems total | – | [49] |
| Der von Kürenberg | fl. 1160 | German | Minnesinger | ) | [50] | |
| Chrétien de Troyes | fl. c. 1160 – 1191 | French | Trouvère | ) | [51] | |
| Gace Brule | c. 1160 – after 1213 | French | Trouvère | – | [52] | |
| Peirol | c. 1160 – after 1221 | Occitan | Troubadour | 17 works; 34 poems total | .jpg')) | [53] |
| Philippe le Chancelier | c. 1160 – 1236 | French | Notre-Dame school (Ars antiqua) | – | [54] | |
| Raimbaut d'Aurenga | fl. 1162–73 | Occitan | Troubadour | ) | [55] | |
| Chastelain de Couci | c. 1165 – 1203 | French | Trouvère | – | ) | [56] |
| Gautier de Dargies | c. 1165 – after 1236 | French | Trouvère | – | [57] | |
| Arnaut de Mareuil | fl. c. 1170–1200 | Occitan | Troubadour | ) | [58] | |
| Wolfram von Eschenbach | fl. c. 1170–1220 | German | Minnesänger | No surviving music from seven poems | ) | [59] |
| Walther von der Vogelweide | c. 1170 – c. 1230 | German | Minnesänger | ) | [60] | |
| Aimeric de Peguilhan | c. 1175 – c. 1230 | Occitan | Troubadour | Six works; 50 poems total | ) | [61] |
| Gautier de Coincy | 1177/8 – 1236 | French | Trouvère | Eight surviving poems with music | ) | [62] |
| Blondel de Nesle | fl. 1180–1200 | French | Trouvère | [63] | ||
| Albrecht von Johansdorf | c. 1180 – c. 1209 | German | Minnesänger | ) | ||
| Peire Cardenal | 1180–1278 | Occitan | Troubadour | Three works; 90 poems total | ) | [64] |
| Peire Vidal | fl. c. 1183 – c. 1205 | Occitan | Troubadour | 12 works; 50 poems total | .jpg')) | [65] |
| Raimon de Miraval | fl. 1185–1229 | Occitan | Troubadour | 22 works; 48 poems total | ) | [66] |
| Reinmar von Hagenau (Reinmar der Alte) | fl. 1185–1205 – c. 1205 | German | Minnesänger | ) | [67] | |
| Audefroi le Bastart | fl. 1190–1230 | French | Trouvère | – | [68] | |
| Bernger von Horheim | fl. 1196 | German | Minnesänger | No music; six poems survive | ) | [69] |
| Comtessa de Dia (Beatriz de Dia) | fl. late 12th/early 13th century | Occitan | Trobairitz | ) | [70] | |
| Neidhart von Reuental | c. 1190 – after 1236 | German | Minnesänger | ) | [71] | |
| Guillaume le Vinier | c. 1190 – 1245 | French | Trouvère | [72] | ||
| Pérotin (Perotinus) | fl. c. 1200 | French | Notre-Dame school (Ars antiqua) | – | [73] | |
| Colin Muset | fl. 1200–50 | French | Trouvère | 12 works; seven with surviving music | – | [74] |
| Jehan Erart | 1200–10 – 1258/9 | French | Trouvère | [75] | ||
| Reinmar von Zweter | c. 1200 – c. 1260 | German | Minnesänger | – | ) | [76] |
| Wincenty of Kielcza | c. 1200 – after 1262 | Polish | – | – | [77] | |
| Castelloza | fl. early 13th century | Occitan | Trobairitz | No surviving music; three poems | – | [78] |
| Jehan Bretel | c. 1210 – 1272 | French | Trouvère | [79] | ||
| Raoul de Soissons | 1210–1215 – 1270 | French | Trouvère | [80] | ||
| Moniot d'Arras | fl. 1213–39 | French | Trouvère | [81] | ||
| Guiot de Dijon | fl. 1215–25 | French | Trouvère | Four works; 17 poems total | – | [82] |
| Gontier de Soignies | fl. before 1220 | French | Trouvère | – | [83] | |
| Heinrich von Morungen | d. 1222 | German | Minnesänger | 32 minnelieder survive with music, one without | ) | [84] |
| Sordello | fl. c. 1220–69 | Italian | – | .jpg')) | ||
| Gautier d'Épinal | before 1220 – before 1272 | French | Trouvère | [85] | ||
| Konrad von Würzburg | c. 1230 – 1287 | German | Minnesänger | ) | [86] | |
| Guiraut Riquier | c. 1230 – c. 1300 | Occitan | Troubadour | 48 works; 49 poems total | ) | [87] |
| Martin Codax | fl. c. 1240–70 | Spanish (Galician) | Galician-Portuguese lyric | Six songs; one know to be lost | ) | [88] |
| Adam de la Halle | 1245–50 – 1285–8/after 1306 | French | Trouvère | 78 works | ) | [89] |
(1250) Late Middle Ages | ||||||
| Der wilde Alexander (Meister Alexander) | fl. mid to late 13th-century | German | Minnesänger | 27 works; 24 Spruch strophes, two Minnelieder and one Leich | ) | [90] |
| Franco of Cologne | fl. mid to late 13th century | German | – | – | [91] | |
| Petrus de Cruce | fl. c. 1290 | French | Ars antiqua | – | [92] | |
| W. de Wycombe | fl. late 13th century | English | – | – | [93] | |
| Philippe de Vitry | 1291–1361 | French | Ars nova | 13 works at least | ) | [94] |
| Casella | died before 1300 | Italian | – | No surviving works | – | [95] |
| (14th century) The Trecento begins in Italy | ||||||
| Jehan de Lescurel | fl. early 14th century | French | Ars nova | 34 works; all monophonic except one | – | [96] |
| Johannes Hadlaub | fl. 1300-1340 | Swiss | 51 works | ) | ||
| Maestro Piero | c. 1300 – after 1350 | Italian | Eight works | – | ||
| Guillaume de Machaut | c. 1300 – 1377 | French | Ars nova | 143 works | ) | [97] |
| Marchetto da Padova | fl. 1305–19 | Italian | Trecento | – | [98] | |
| (1310) Ars nova is inaugurated in France by the preparation of the Roman de Fauvel; Machaut and de Vitry dominate the movement | ||||||
| Jacopo da Bologna | fl. 1340–1360 | Italian | Trecento | 34 works | – | |
| Giovanni da Cascia (Giovanni da Firenze) | fl. 1340? – 14th century | Italian | Trecento | 19 works | – | |
| Gherardello da Firenze | 1320/1325 – 1362/1363 | Italian | Trecento | 18 works | – | |
| John Hanboys | c. 1320? – 1380? | English | – | |||
| Francesco Landini | 1325/1335 – 1397 | Italian | Trecento | ) | ||
| Lorenzo da Firenze (Lorenzo Masini) | c. 1325 – 1372/1373 | Italian | Trecento | – | ||
| Donato da Cascia | fl. c. 1350 – after 1370 | Italian | Trecento | – | ||
| Mönch von Salzburg (Monk of Salzburg) | 14th century – 14th century? | German | ) | |||
| Johannes Alanus | c. 1332? – 1373? | English | – | |||
| Vincenzo da Rimini | c. 1332? – after 1364? | Italian | Trecento | – | ||
| Bartolino da Padova | fl. 1365 – after 1405 | Italian | Trecento | – | ||
| Matheus de Sancto Johanne (Mayshuet de Joan) | fl. c. 1365 – after 1387 | French | – | |||
| Magister Franciscus[n 1] | fl. 1370–80 | French | Ars nova? | Two works; both three part ballades | – | [99] |
| Philippus de Caserta (Philipoctus de Caserta) | fl. c. 1370 – c. 1400 | Italian | Trecento | – | ||
| Egardus | fl. c. 1370? – after 1400 | Flemish | – | |||
| Egidius de Francia | 14th century – 14th century? | French | – | |||
| F. Andrieu[n 1] | fl. c. 1377 – c. 1400 | French | Ars nova | One work; a ballade for Machaut's death | – | [100] |
| Johannes Symonis Hasprois | fl. 1378 – 1428 | French | ) | |||
| Petrus de Goscalch | fl. c. 1378/1380 – 1394? | French? | – | |||
| P. des Molins | fl. mid 14th century | French | Ars nova | Two works; among the most popular pieces of their time | – | [101] |
| Niccolò da Perugia | 14th century – c. 1400 | Italian | Trecento | – | ||
| Jehan Suzay | fl. c. 1380 – after 1395 | French | – | |||
| Trebor | fl. c. 1380 – c. 1400 | French | Ars subtilior | – | ||
| Jan of Jenštejn | 1348 – 1400 | Bohemian | ) | |||
| Záviš of Zápy | c. 1350 – c. 1411 | Czech | – | |||
| Antonio Zacara da Teramo | c. 1350/1360 – c. 1413/1416 | Italian | Trecento | ) | ||
| Jacob Senleches | fl. c. 1382 – after 1395 | French | Ars subtilior | ) | ||
| Andrea da Firenze (Andreas de Florentia) | fl. c. 1375 – c. 1415 | Italian | Trecento | – | ||
| Paolo da Firenze (Paolo Tenorista) | c. 1355 – c. 1436 | Italian | Trecento | – | ||
| Solage | 14th century – after 1403 | French | Ars subtilior | – | ||
| Hugo von Montfort | 1357 – 1423 | German (Austrian) | ) | |||
| Jehan Vaillant (Johannes Vaillant) | fl. 1360–1390 | French | Ars nova | Five (six?) works | – | [102] |
| Giovanni Mazzuoli (Giovanni degli Organi) | 1360 – 1426 | Italian | Trecento | – | ||
| Grazioso da Padova (Gratiosus de Padua) | fl. c. 1391? – 15th century? | Italian | Trecento | – | ||
| Martinus Fabri | fl. 1395 – 1400 | Dutch | – | |||
| Borlet[n 2] | fl. 1397? – after 1409 | French | Ars subtilior | One work; a four-voice virelai | – | [103] |
| Aleyn | fl. c. 1400 – 15th century | English | – | |||
| Johannes Ciconia | c. 1370 – 1412 | Flemish | Trecento | – | ||
| Matteo da Perugia | fl. 1400 – after 1416 | Italian | Trecento | – | ||
| Johannes de Lymburgia | c. 1370 – 1430 | Belgian | – | |||
| Johannes Tapissier (Jean de Noyers) | c. 1370 – before 1410 | Burgundian | – | |||
| Johannes Cuvelier Jean; Jacquemart le Cuvelier | fl. c. 1372 – after 1387 | French | Ars subtilior | Four works | – | [104] |
| Antonio da Cividale (Antonius de Civitate Austrie) | fl. c. 1392 – 1421 | Italian | Trecento | – | ||
| Grimace | fl. mid-to-late 14th century | French | Ars nova | Five (Seven?) Works | – | [105] |
| Antonello da Caserta | 14th century – after 1402? | Italian | Trecento | – | ||
| Nicolas Grenon | c. 1375 – 1456 | Burgundian | – | |||
| Oswald von Wolkenstein | c. 1377 – 1445 | German | ) | |||
| Andrea Stefani | fl. c. 1399 – 15th century | Italian | Trecento | – | ||
| Bartolomeo da Bologna | fl. 1405 – after 1427 | Italian | Trecento | |||
| Baude Cordier | c. 1380 – before 1440 | French | Ars subtilior | ) | ||
| Thomas Fabri | 1380 – 1420 | Flemish | ||||
| Pierre Fontaine | c. 1380 – c. 1450 | French | ||||
| Nicolaus Ricci de Nucella Campli | fl. 1401-20 – after 1436 | Italian | Trecento | |||
| Mikołaj Radomski (Nicolaus de Radom) | c. 1380 – 15th century | Polish | ||||
| Ugolino da Forlì/da Orvieto | c. 1380 – c. 1457 | Italian | Trecento | |||
| Leonel Power | c. 1370/1385? – 1445 | English | ) | |||
| Jacobus Vide | 1385 – 1433 | Burgundian | ||||
| Queldryk | fl. c. 1400 – 15th century | English | ||||
| Johannes Cesaris | fl. 1406 – 1417 | French | ||||
| Roy Henry (probably Henry V of England) | fl. c. 1410 – 15th century | English | ||||
| Byttering (possibly Thomas Byttering) | fl. c. 1410 – after 1420? | English | ||||
| Conradus de Pistoia (Coradus de Pistorio) | fl. c. 1410 – 15th century | Italian | Trecento | |||
| John Dunstaple (John Dunstable) | c. 1390 – 1453 | English | ||||
| Hugo de Lantins | fl. c. 1420 – after 1430? | Flemish | ||||
| Richard Loqueville | died 1418 | French | [106] | |||
| Pycard | fl. c. 1410 – 15th century | English or French | ||||
| Arnold de Lantins | fl. 1423 – 1432 | Flemish | ||||
| Estienne Grossin | fl. 1418 – after 1421 | French | ||||
| For further composers see: List of Renaissance composers | ||||||
Theorists
Timeline
Notes
- ^ a b F. Andrieu and Magister Franciscus may be the same person; scholars identify them as the person with varying degrees of certainty:
- Reaney 2001a: Their works being from the same manuscript "suggest that the two composers may be the same person".
- Abraham & Hughes 1960, p. 27: "Franciscus is doubtless the same man as the F. Andrieu..."
- Reaney 1954, p. 67: "It would not be impossible for Magister Franciscus and F. Andrieu to be one and the same person"
- Günther 2001a: "[Magister Franciscus] may be the F. Andrieu..."
- Strohm 2005, p. 53: "[F. Andrieu] may be the same man as Magister Franciscus"
- Magnan 1993, p. 49: "[On the identification between Andrieu and Franciscus] this tenuous identification leads nowhere."
- ^ He may be the same person as Trebor
References
- ^ Hiley, David (2001). "Notker". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20128. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Yudkin 1989, p. 221.
- ^ Hoppin 1978, p. 155.
- ^ Reese 1940, pp. 129, 187–188.
- ^ Planchart, Alejandro Enrique (2001). "Tuotilo". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28589. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Reese 1940, p. 185.
- ^ Huglo, Michel (2001). "Stephen of Liège". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26706. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Chartier, Yves (2001). "Hucbald of St Amand". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13475. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Reese 1940, pp. 125–126.
- ^ Brockett, Clyde; Huglo, Michel (2001). "Odo of Arezzo". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20255. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Reese 1940, p. 126.
- ^ Huglo, Michel (2001). "Herigerus". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12853. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Brockett, Clyde; Huglo, Michel (2001). "Odo of Arezzo". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20255. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Fassler, Margot E. (2001). "Fulbert of Chartres". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10366. Retrieved 29 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Huglo, Michel (2001). "Guillaume de Dijon". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11982. Retrieved 19 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Kühne, Udo (2010). "Notker der Arzt" [Notker the doctor]. Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). Bern, Switzerland: Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ Grier, James (2001). "Adémar de Chabannes". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52477. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Teviotdale, Elizabeth C. (2001). "Wulfstan [Wulstan, Wolstan] of Winchester". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.30612. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Crocker, Richard L. Crocker (2001). "Wipo". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.30429. Retrieved 29 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ "Arnold of St Emmeram". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 2001. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52832. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Hiley, David (2001). "Otloh of St Emmeram". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52834. Retrieved 20 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Gushee, Lawrence (2001). "Hermannus Contractus". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12864. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Gushee, Lawrence (2001). "Berno of Reichenau". In Pesce, Dolores (ed.). Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02878. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Hoppin 1978, pp. 322–323.
- ^ Trowell, Brian (2001). "Godric". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11345. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Fassler, Margot E. (2001). "Adam of St Victor". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00166. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Reese 1940, p. 189.
- ^ Falck, Robert (2001). "Guillaume IX, Duke of Aquitaine and 7th Count of Poitiers". Grove Music Online. Revised by John Haines. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11979. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Weinrich, Lorenz (2001). "Abelard, Peter". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00036. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Bent, Ian D. (2001). "Hildegard of Bingen". Grove Music Online. Revised by Marianne Pfau. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13016. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Reese 1940, p. 129.
- ^ Falck, Robert (2001). "Rudel [Rudelh, Rudel de Blaja], Jaufre". Grove Music Online. Revised by John Haines. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.24076. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Haynes, Stephen (2001). "Marcabru". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.17709. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Anderson, Gordon A. (2001). "Archipoeta". In Payne, Thomas B. (ed.). Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01178. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Falck, Robert (2001). "Bernart de Ventadorn". Grove Music Online. Revised by John Haines. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02862. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Falck, Robert (2001). "Giraut [Girautz, Guiraut] de Bornelh". Grove Music Online. Revised by John Haines. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11208. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Hendrik [Heinrich, Heynrijck] van Veldeke". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12786. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
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