Wikipedia

List of Indo-European languages

Indo-European languages worldwide by country
 Official or primary language
 Secondary official language
 Recognized
 Significant
 No use
The approximate present-day distribution of the Indo-European branches within their homelands of Europe and Asia:
Albanian
Armenian
Balto-Slavic (Baltic)
Balto-Slavic (Slavic)
Celtic
Germanic
Hellenic (Greek)
Indo-Iranian (Indo-Aryan, Iranian, and Nuristani)
Italic (Romance)
 Non-Indo-European languages
Dotted/striped areas indicate where multilingualism is common.
The approximate present-day distribution of Indo-European languages within the Americas by country:
Romance:
Spanish
Portuguese
French
Germanic:
English
Dutch

The Indo-European languages include some 449 (SIL estimate, 2018 edition[1]) language families spoken by about or more than 3.5 billion people (roughly half of the world population). Most of the major languages belonging to language branches and groups of Europe, and Western and southern Asia, belong to the Indo-European language family. Therefore, Indo-European is the biggest language family in the world by number of mother tongue speakers (but not by number of languages in which it is the 3rd or 5th biggest). Eight of the top ten biggest languages, by number of native speakers, are Indo-European. One of these languages, English, is the de facto World Lingua Franca with an estimate of over one billion second language speakers.

Each subfamily or linguistic branch in this list contains many subgroups and individual languages. Indo-European language family has 10 known branches or subfamilies, of which eight are living and two are extinct. The relation of Indo-European branches, how they are related to one another and branched from the ancestral proto-language is a matter of further research and not yet well known. There are some individual Indo-European languages that are unclassified within the language family, they are not yet classified in a branch and could be members of their own branch.

The 449 Indo-European languages identified in the SIL estimate, 2018 edition,[1] are mostly living languages, however, if all the known extinct Indo-European languages are added, they number more than 800 or close to one thousand. This list includes all known Indo-European languages, living and extinct.

A distinction between a language and a dialect is not clear-cut and simple because there is, in many cases, several dialect continuums, transitional dialects and languages and also because there is no consensual standard to what amount of vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and prosody differences there is a language or there is a dialect. (Mutual intelligibility can be a standard but there are closely related languages that are also mutual intelligible to some degree, even if it is an asymmetric intelligibility.) Because of this, in this list, several dialect groups and some individual dialects of languages are shown (in italics), especially if a language is or was spoken by a large number of people and over a big land area, but also if it has or had divergent dialects.

The ancestral population and language, Proto-Indo-Europeans that spoke Proto-Indo-European, estimated to have lived about 4500 BCE (6500 BP), at some time in the past, starting about 4000 BCE (6000 BP) expanded through migration and cultural influence. This started a complex process of population blend or population replacement, acculturation and language change of peoples in many regions of western and southern Eurasia.[2] This process gave origin to many languages and branches of this language family.

At the end of the second millennium BC Indo-European speakers were many millions and lived in a vast geographical area in most of western and southern Eurasia (including western Central Asia).

In the following two millennia the number of speakers of Indo-European languages increased even further.

By geographical area, Indo-European languages remained spoken in big land areas, although most of western Central Asia and Asia Minor was lost to another language family (mainly Turkic) due to Turkic expansion, conquests and settlement (after the middle of the first millennium AD and the beginning and middle of the second millennium AD respectively) and also to Mongol invasions and conquests (that changed Central Asia ethnolinguistic composition). Another land area lost to non-Indo-European languages was today's Hungary due to Magyar/Hungarian (Uralic language speakers) conquest and settlement. However, in the second half of the second millennium AD, Indo-European languages expanded their territories to North Asia (Siberia), through Russian expansion, and North America, South America, Australia and New Zealand as the result of the age of European discoveries and European conquests through the expansions of the Portuguese, Spanish, French, English and the Dutch. (These peoples had the biggest continental or maritime empires in the world and their countries were major powers.)

The contact between different peoples and languages, especially as a result of European colonization, also gave origin to the many pidgins, creoles and mixed languages that are mainly based in Indo-European languages (many of which are spoken in island groups and coastal regions).

Hypothetical ancestors

Hypothetical relation to other language families and their proto-languages (controversial and yet unresolved issue of high level classification of known language families into larger clades of older age that descend from common ancestors in the remote past)

  • Proto-Human (?)

Ancestral (Proto-Indo-European)

  • Proto-Indo-European (extinct) (see also Proto-Indo-European homeland)
    • Early Proto-Indo-European (First phase of Indo-European)
      • Middle Proto-Indo-European ("Classical" Indo-European)
        • Late Proto-Indo-European (Last phase of indo-European as spoken language before splitting into several languages that originated in the regional dialects that diverged in time, and in space with Indo-European migrations, these languages were the direct ancestors of today's subfamilies or "branches" of descendant languages) (larger clades of Indo-European than the individual subfamilies or the way individual subfamilies are related to each other is still an unresolved issue)

Dating the split-offs of the main branches

Indo-European migrations as described in The Horse, the Wheel, and Language by David W. Anthony

Although all Indo-European languages descend from a common ancestor called Proto-Indo-European, the kinship between the subfamilies or branches (large groups of more closely related languages within the language family), that descend from other more recent proto-languages, is not the same because there are subfamilies that are closer or further, and they did not split-off at the same time, the affinity or kinship of Indo-European subfamilies or branches between themselves is still an unresolved and controversial issue (the reason for they are shown as separate and by alphabetical order in this list of Indo-European languages).

Using a mathematical analysis borrowed from evolutionary biology, Don Ringe and Tandy Warnow propose the following tree of Indo-European branches:[3]

David W. Anthony, following the methodology of Don Ringe and Tandy Warnow, proposes the following sequence:[3]

List of Indo-European protolanguages

The protolanguages that developed into the Indo-European languages

This is not a list of just Proto-Indo-European, but it also contains the protolanguages of Indo-European subfamilies

Albanian language

Distribution of modern Albanian dialects.

Anatolian languages (all extinct)

Anatolian languages in 2nd millennium BC; Blue: Luwian, Yellow: Hittite, Red: Palaic.

Armenian language

Armenian dialects, according to Adjarian (1909) (before 1st World War and Armenian Genocide). In many regions of the contiguous area shown in the map, Armenian speakers were the majority or a significant minority.
Modern geographical distribution of the Armenian language.
  • Proto-Armenian (extinct)
    • Classical Armenian (Old Armenian) (գրաբար հայերէն – Krapar Hayeren/Grabar Hayeren գրաբար – Krapar/Grabar) (Classical language, High culture language, official language of the Armenian Kingdom, liturgical or sacred language of the Armenian Apostolic Church and the Armenian Catholic Church)
      • Liturgical Armenian
      • Middle Armenian
        • Judeo-Armenian
        • Armenian (Modern Armenian) (հայերէն or հայերեն – Hayeren) (dialect continuum)
          • Western Armenian (արեւմտահայերէն – Arevmdahayerēn) (dialect continuum)
            • -gë Dialects
              • Karin/Upper Armenia (Bardzr Hayk') (roughly today's Erzurum city and Erzurum Province, Eastern Turkey)
              • Turuberan
                • Mush/Taron
              • Van/Vaspurakan
                • Torfavan subdialect
              • Tigranakert Armenian/Aghdznik (Arzanene) (in Diyarbakır) (nearly extinct)
              • Kharpert-Yerznka/Sophene (Tsopk') (in Elazığ) (nearly extinct)
              • Nikopoli Armenian (in Nikopoli region, today's Şebinkarahisar/Shabin-Karahisar, Giresun Province, Black Sea Region, Turkey)
              • Trapizon Armenian (in Trabzon) (nearly extinct)
              • Homshetsi (Armenian spoken by the Hemshin Armenians)
              • Malatia Armenian (in Malatya) (nearly extinct)
              • Cilician Armenian (nearly extinct)
              • Sueidia/Syrian Armenian dialects (still spoken by Syrian Armenians)
                • Vakıflı Armenian (in Vakıflı, Turkey)
                • Kessab Armenian (in Kessab, Syria)
                • Latakia Armenian (in Latakia, Syria)
                • Jisr al-Shughur Armenian (in Jisr al-Shughur, Syria)
                • Anjar Armenian (in Anjar, Lebanon)
              • Arabkir Armenian (almost extinct)
              • Akn Armenian
              • Sebastia Armenian (in Sivas) (nearly extinct)
              • Tokat Armenian (almost extinct)
              • Western Armenian dialects in the diaspora
                • Smyrna Armenian (in today's Izmir, Izmir Province, Aegean Region, Western Turkey)
                • Nicomedia Armenian (in today's Izmit, Kocaeli Province, Northwestern Turkey)
                • Constantinople Armenian (in Istanbul, Northwestern Turkey) (nearly extinct)
                • Rodosto Armenian (in Rodosto, today's Tekirdağ, Turkey, close to Istanbul) (extinct)
                • Crimea Armenian (still spoken by Armenians in Crimea)
                  • Nakhichevan-on-Don Armenian/New Nakhichevan/Nor Naxiĵevan Armenian (today included in the city of Rostov-on-Don, Russia)
                • Austria-Hungary Armenian (extinct) (an Armenian dialect of the European Armenian diaspora)
          • Eastern Armenian (արևելահայերեն – Arevelahayeren) (dialect continuum)
            • -owm Dialects
              • Araratian
                • Yerevan (basis of Modern Standard Eastern Armenian)
              • Jugha (originally in Julfa) (today in New Julfa) (still spoken by part of the Iranian Armenians)
              • Agulis (in Ordubad District, Azerbaijan)
              • Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabagh Armenian dialect/Karabakh)
              • Shamakha Armenian (in Shamakhi District, Azerbaijan) (nearly extinct)
              • Tiflis Armenian (in Tbilissi, Georgia)
              • Eastern Armenian dialects in the diaspora
                • Astrakhan Armenian (in Northern Caucasus and Astrakhan, Russia) (extinct)
            • -el Dialects (Tayk'-Nor Shirakan)

Balto-Slavic languages

Area of Balto-Slavic dialect continuum (purple) with proposed material cultures correlating to speakers Balto-Slavic in Bronze Age (white). Red dots= archaic Slavic hydronyms.
Political map of Europe with countries where a Slavic language is a national language marked in shades of green and where a Baltic language is a national language marked in light orange. Wood green represents East Slavic languages, pale green represents West Slavic languages, and sea green represents South Slavic languages. Contemporary Baltic languages are all from the same group: Eastern Baltic
Baltic languages (extinct languages shown in stripes).
Slavic languages in Europe (2008). Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.
Russian Language – Map of all the areas where the Russian language is the language spoken by the majority of the population. Based on the latest census available per country (2013). Russian is the biggest Slavic language both in number of first language speakers and in geographical area where the language is spoken (a vast land area of Eastern Europe and North Asia – Siberia, i.e. most of Northern Eurasia).

Celtic languages

Diachronic distribution of Celtic language speakers:
 core Hallstatt territory, by the 6th century BCE
 maximal Celtic expansion, by 275 BCE
Lusitanian and Vettonian area of Iberian Peninsula where Celtic presence is uncertain, Para-Celtic?
 the six Celtic nations which retained significant numbers of Celtic speakers into the Early Modern period
 areas where Celtic languages remain widely spoken today
A map of the modern distribution of the Celtic languages. Red: Welsh; Purple:Cornish; Black: Breton; Green: Irish Gaelic; Blue: Scottish Gaelic: Yellow: Manx Gaelic. Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.

Germanic languages

One proposed theory for approximate distribution of the primary Germanic dialect groups in Europe around the year 1 AD. East Germanic
East Germanic
Northwest Germanic West Germanic
Elbe Germanic
Weser-Rhine Germanic
North Sea Germanic
North Germanic
North Germanic
Germanic languages and main dialect groups in Europe.
Germanic languages in the World. Countries and sub-national entities where one or more Germanic languages are spoken. Dark Red: First language; Red: Official or Co-Official language, Pink: Spoken by a significant minority as second language.

Hellenic languages

Distribution of Greek dialects in Greece in the classical period.[4]
Distribution of Greek dialects in Magna Graecia (Southern Italy and Sicily) in the classical period.
Magna Graecia (Μεγάλη Ἑλλάς – Megálē Hellás) ancient colonies and dialects in the Classical Age (before Roman conquest).
The distribution of major modern Greek dialect areas.
Anatolian Greek until 1923. Demotic in yellow. Pontic in orange. Cappadocian in green. Green dots indicate Cappadocian-Greek-speaking villages in 1910.[5]
  • Proto-Greek (extinct)
    • Mycenaean Greek (extinct)
      • Ancient Greek (Classical Greek) (Ἑλληνική – Hellēnikḗ/Ἑλληνική γλῶσσα – Hellēnikḗ glōssa) (includes Homeric Greek) (extinct) (Classical language, High culture language of Ancient Greece, Greek colonies and East Mediterranean)
        • Eastern
          • Central (Central Eastern)
            • Aeolic Greek (extinct)
              • Thessalian (in ancient Thessaly) (not the same as Modern Thessalian Greek that descends from Attic Koiné Greek) (extinct)
              • Boeotian (in ancient Boeotia) (extinct)
              • Asia Minor Aeolian (extinct)
            • Arcadocypriot (extinct)
              • Arcadian (in ancient Arcadia) (extinct)
              • Cyprian (extinct) (not the same as Modern Greek Cypriot that descends from Attic Koiné Greek)
              • Pamphylian Greek (in Pamphylia) (extinct)
          • Eastern (Southern Eastern)
            • Ionic (extinct)
              • West Ionic
                • Attic (extinct)
                  • Koine Greek (ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος – hē koinḕ diálektos/Kοινὴ – Koinḕ) ("Koinḕ" means "Common" in the sense of "Supradialectal Greek") (extinct) (Classical language, High culture language of the Hellenistic time, Greek colonies, East Mediterranean, the east part of the Roman Empire and the East Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire, see Greek East and Latin West, original language of most of the Bible's New Testament, liturgical language/sacred language of the Greek Orthodox Church and Greek Catholic Church)
                    • Biblical Greek (Biblical Forms of Koine Greek)
                    • Patristic Greek (Koine Greek of Orthodox Church fathers)
                    • Medieval Greek (Byzantine Greek/Constantinopolitan Greek) (Colloquial or vernacular language of the East Roman or Byzantine Empire) (extinct)
                      • Greek (Modern Greek) (ελληνικά – Elliniká)
                        • Katharevousa (Καθαρεύουσα – Katharevousa) (Conservative variant of Greek)
                        • Demotic (Δημοτική γλώσσα – Dimotikí glṓssa) (basis of Standard Modern Greek but not identical)
                          • Modern Athenian/Metropolitan Athenian Greek (close to Standard Modern Greek) (not quite a Southern or Northern Greek dialect, although Standard Modern Greek is based predominantly on the southern dialects, especially those of the Peloponnese)
                          • Southern dialects
                            • Ionian-Peloponnesian
                              • Archaic Demotic Southern Greek Dialects
                                • Old Ionian Demotic Greek (all extinct)
                                  • Old Attican Demotic Greek
                                    • Old Athenian (archaic dialect) (traditional dialect of Athens)
                                  • Old Aeginian (in Aegina Island)
                                  • Old Euboean (in Kymi, Central Northern coast of Euboea Island)
                                • Old Megaran Demotic Greek (extinct)
                                • Old Demotic Peloponnese Greek (extinct)
                                  • Maniot (in Mani Peninsula) (archaic dialect)
                                    • Cargèse Greek (in western Corsica coast, to the north of Ajaccio) (extinct)
                              • South Euboean
                              • Peloponnese
                              • Ionian Islands dialects
                                • Cytherian
                                • Zakynthian
                                • Kefallonian/Cefallonian
                                • Ithakan
                                • Lefkadan
                                • Paxian
                                • Kerkyra/Corfu
                              • North Epirote (in Thesprotia, North Epirus, Far-Southern Albania) (although geographically in the Northwest of Greece the dialect has more similarities with Southern Greek dialects)
                                • Himariote
                            • Cretan-Cycladian
                            • Southeastern dialects
                              • Chiote-Ikarian
                                • Chiote
                                • Ikarian
                              • Dodecanese
                              • Cypriot
                            • Southwestern-Southern Anatolian Greek (was more in contact with other Greek dialects than Pontic or Cappadocian Greek)
                              • Dorian Anatolian Greek
                              • Lycian Greek
                              • Demotic Pamphylian Greek
                              • Cilician Greek (extinct)
                          • Central-Northern Greek
                            • Central Greek ("Semi-Northern") (Transitional Southern-Northern Greek)
                              • Boeotian
                              • Phocian
                              • Phthiotian
                              • Evrytania
                              • Aetolian
                              • Acarnanian
                              • Dhërmi and Palasë Greek (in Dhërmi and Palasë, Northern Epirus, Far-Southern Albania)
                              • Desfinan
                              • North Euboean-Sporadic
                                • North Euboean
                                • Sporadic
                                  • Skyriote
                                  • Mykonian
                                  • Lefkian
                            • Northern dialects
                              • Thessalian
                              • Epirote (Southern Epirote but not the Northern)
                              • Modern Greek Macedonian
                              • Thracian Greek
                              • Rumelian Greek
                              • Constantinopolitan Greek (Greek of Constantinopolis/Byzantium, today's Istanbul)
                              • Kastorian
                              • Naoussan
                              • Veurbinian
                              • Sarakatsanika (Greek dialect of the Sarakatsani/Karakachani)
                              • North Aegean
                                • Lemniote
                                • Samothracian
                                • Imbriote
                                • Thasian
                                • Lesbiote
                                • Samian
                              • West-Northwest Anatolian Greek (was more in contact with other Greek dialects than Pontic or Cappadocian Greek)
                                • Mysian Greek
                                  • Artakian
                                • Bithynian Greek
                                • Paphlagonian Greek (extinct)
                                • Anatolian Ionian Greek
                      • Northern-Central Anatolian Greek/Northern-Central Asia Minor Greek (more divergent than Western and Southern Anatolian Greek, that were more in contact with other Greek dialects, divergent enough to be considered separate languages although closely related to Modern Greek, they descend from Medieval or Byzantine Greek)
                        • Silliot (Greek of Sille, near Ikonion/Iconium, today's Konya) (was the most divergent of the varieties of Asia Minor/Anatolian Greek)
                        • Pharasiot-Pontic-Cappadocian
                          • Pharasiot (Greek of Pharasa, Faraşa, now Çamlıca village in Yahyalı, Kayseri, and other nearby villages, Afshar-Köy, Çukuri) (not particularly close to Cappadocian)
                          • Pontic-Cappadocian
                            • Pontic Greek (ποντιακά – Pontiaká) (spoken by the Pontic Greeks)
                              • Western Pontic
                              • Eastern Pontic
                              • Crimean Greek/Ukrainian Greek (Rumeíka)
                                • Mariupolitan Greek (Rumeíka) (spoken in Mariupol, that was founded by Crimean Greeks, and about 17 villages around the northern coast of the Sea of Azov in southern Ukraine) (not confuse with Urum, which is Turkic, the language of the Urums, another Greek regional group that also belong to the wider Crimean Greeks)
                            • Old Cappadocian Greek (former speakers shifted to a mixed Greek-Turkish language) (see Cappadocian Greek) (was spoken by the Cappadocian Greeks)
                      • Italiot Greek dialects or languages (Magna Graecia Greek, Greek of Southern Italy) (Κατωιταλιώτικα – Katōitaliṓtika) (divergent enough to be considered separate from Modern Greek although closely related to it, they descend from Medieval or Byzantine Greek) (spoken by the Griko people)
                        • Griko/Salentinian Greek (Γκρίκο – Gríko) (Doric-influenced)
                        • Calabrian Greek (Γκραίκο – Graíko) (Northwestern Greek, Achaean and Ionic influenced)
                      • Yevanic (Judæo-Greek/Romaniote) (probably extinct) (Hebrew substrate and influence)
              • Central Ionic (extinct)
              • East Ionic (Asia Minor Ionic)
        • Western
          • Doric (extinct)
            • Northwest Doric/Northwest Greek (extinct)
              • Epirote-Acarnanian-Aetolian (extinct)
                • Epirote (in Epirus) (extinct) (not the same as Modern Epirote Greek that descends from Attic Koiné Greek)
                • Acarnanian (in Acarnania) (extinct)
                • Aetolian (in Aetolia) (extinct)
              • Locrian-Phocian (extinct)
                • Locrian Greek (in Locris) (extinct)
                  • Ozolian Locrian (extinct)
                  • Epicnemidian Locrian (extinct)
                  • Opuntian Locrian (extinct)
                • Phocian (in Phocis) (extinct)
              • Elean (in Elis) (Western Peloponnese Peninsula) (extinct)
            • Achaean Doric (in Achaea) (North Coast of Peloponnese) (extinct)
            • Doric proper (extinct)
              • Megarean (in Megaris) (extinct)
              • Corinthian (in Corinthia) (extinct)
              • Argive-Aeginetan (extinct)
                • Argive (in Argolis) (extinct)
                • Aeginetan (in Aegina Island) (extinct)
              • Laconian (in Laconia, including Sparta) (extinct)
              • Messenian (in Messenia) (extinct)
              • Cretan (in Crete Island) (extinct)
              • Rhodian-Carpathian (extinct)
                • Rhoddian (in Rhodes Island) (extinct)
                • Carpathian (in Carpathos Island) (extinct)
              • Theran-Melian (extinct)
                • Theran (in Thera Island) (extinct)
                • Melian (in Melos Island) (extinct)
              • Asia Minor Doric (extinct)
          • Ancient Macedonian[6] (not the same as Modern Macedonian Greek that descends from Attic Koiné Greek) (extinct)

Indo-Iranian languages

Geographic distribution of modern Indo-Iranian languages. Blue, dark purple and green colour shades: Iranic languages. Dark pink: Nuristani languages. Red, light purple and orange colour shades: Indo-Aryan languages. Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.
Distribution of major modern Iranian languages.
Geographic distribution of modern Iranian languages (Central Iran languages are shown in blue dots).
Distribution of language groups and major modern Indo-Aryan languages. Pink: Dardic; Dark Blue: Northwestern Indo-Aryan; Purple: Northern Indo-Aryan; Red: Western Indo-Aryan; Orange: Central and East Central Indo-Aryan; Yellow: Eastern Indo-Aryan; Green: Southern Indo-Aryan. Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian (extinct)
    • Proto-Iranian
      • Old-Iranian (extinct)
        • Old East Iranian
          • Northeastern Iranian languages/Old Northeast Iranian
            • Scytho-Sarmatian
              • Scythian (extinct)
              • Sarmatian (extinct)
                • Alanic (extinct)
                  • Ossetian (Iron and Digor are divergent enough to be considered two separate although closely related languages)
                    • Iron Ossetian ( Ирон – Iron or Ирон æвзаг – Iron ævzag)
                      • Ir
                      • Tagaur
                      • Alagir
                      • Kurtat
                    • Digor Ossetian (дигорон – Digoron)
                      • Digor Proper
                      • Tual
                      • Jassic (extinct) (Ossetic variant, more closely related to Digor, of a nomadic tribe, the Jassic people, settled in Hungary at the 13th century, in Jaszsag) (not confuse with the language of the Iazyges, a related but separate language)
            • Scytho-Khotanese (Saka) (extinct)
          • Southeastern Iranian languages/Old Southeast Iranian
            • Khwarazmian/Chorasmian (extinct) (was spoken in Khwarazm – Xwârazm or Xârazm, Xvairizem, Huwarazmish, from Kh(w)ar "Low" and Zam "Land") (closely related to Sogdian)
            • Old Sogdian
            • Avestan/Zend (Classical and sacred language of ancient Iran, language of Zoroastrian religion and of their sacred book – the Avesta) (extinct) (archaic Iranian language that was originally spoken in ancient Margiana, Aria, Bactria and Arachosia, roughly corresponding with a large part of today's Afghanistan, especially the northwest and north)
              • Old Avestan (extinct)
                • Younger Avestan (extinct)
              • Margian (was spoken in Margiana, roughly corresponding with most of today's Turkmenistan) (extinct)
              • Aryan of Aria (was spoken in Aria, roughly corresponding with today's Herat Province) (extinct)
            • Bactrian (Αριαο – Aryao = Aryā; αο = ao = ā) (extinct) (was spoken in Bactria – βαχλο – Bakhlo)
            • Pamirian (an areal language group not a genealogical one)
            • Ormuri-Parachi
            • Drangian (was spoken in Drangiana) (extinct)
            • Arachosian (was spoken in Arachosia) (extinct)
            • Old Pakhto
              • Pakhto/Pashto/Pathan (پښتو – Pax̌tō/Pashtō) (dialect continuum)
                • Northern Pashto (Pakhto) (Northern variety) (Northern-Central Pakhto) (Yusufzai) ( یوسفزئی پښتو – Pax̌tō) (divergent enough to be considered a separate language with its own dialects, although closely related to the other Pakhto or Pashto languages)
                  • Northern dialect (or Eastern dialect) (Northern Proper/Eastern Proper)
                  • Yusufzai dialect (or Northeastern dialect)
                  • Northern Karlani group
                    • Taniwola dialect
                    • Khosti dialect
                    • Zadran dialect
                    • Bangash dialect (spoken by the Bangash)
                    • Afridi dialect (spoken by the Afridi)
                    • Khogyani dialect
                    • Wardak dialect
                  • Transitional Northern-Southern Pashto
                    • Central Pashto (Ghilji Pakhto) (or Northwestern dialect) (منځنۍ پښتو – Manźanəi Pax̌to) (divergent enough to be considered a separate language with its own dialects, although closely related to the other Pakhto or Pashto languages) (Basis of Standard Pakhto/Pashto but not identical)
                • Southern Pashto (Pashto) (Southern variety) (Southwestern Pashto) (Kandahari Pashto) (کندهارۍ پښتو – Kandahari Pashto)
                  • Durrani dialect (or Southern dialect) (Southern Proper)
                  • Kakar dialect (or Southeastern dialect)
                  • Shirani dialect
                  • Marwat-Bettani dialect (spoken by the Marwat and the Bettani)
                  • Southern Karlani group
                    • Dawarwola dialect
                    • Khattak dialect
                    • Bannuchi dialect (spoken by the Bannuchi)Tsalga
                    • Wazirwola dialect (in Waziristan)
                    • Masidwola dialect (spoken by the Mehsuds/Masid)
              • Wanetsi (Tarīnō/Chalgarī) (وڼېڅي – Waṇētsī; ترينو – Tarīnō; څلګري – Tsalgarī) (an archaic and divergent Pakhto/Pashto variety) (divergent enough to be considered a separate language with its own dialects, although closely related to the other Pakhto or Pashto languages)
            • Gedrosian (was spoken in Gedrosia/Gwadar/Maka?, roughly corresponding with today's Makran, Balochistan) (extinct)
        • Western Iranian languages
          • Northwestern Iranian languages/Northern Western Iranian
            • Median/Medic (was the language of the Medes) (extinct)
              • Northwestern I
                • Kurdish (dialect continuum)
                  • Laki (لکي – Lekî)
                    • Pish-e Kuh Laki
                    • Posht-e Kuh Laki
                  • Southern Kurdish (Pehlewani, Palewani, Xwarig/Xwarîn) (کوردی خوارین – Kurdîy Xwarîn)
                    • Bayray
                    • Feyli (spoken by the Feyli tribe)
                    • Garrusi (Bijari) (Gerrûsî) (Bîcarî)
                    • Kermanshahi
                    • Kolyai
                    • Kordali
                    • Malekshahi (Melikşayî)
                    • Sanjabi (Sanjâbi/Sincawî) (spoken by the Sanjâbi)
                    • Kalhori (Kelhûrî) (spoken by the Kalhor)
                    • Zangana
                  • Central Kurdish (Sorani) (کوردیی ناوەندی – Kurdîy Nawendî) (سۆرانی – Soranî)
                  • Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji) (Kurmancî – کورمانجی/Кӧрманщи – Kӧrmanshchi/Kurdiya Jorîn – کوردیا ژۆرین/Êzdîkî)
                    • Southeastern Kurmanji (Badînî/Botani/Boti) (spoken in the Hakkâri province of Turkey and Dohuk Governorate of Iraqi Kurdistan)
                      • Hekari
                      • Shemdinani (in Shamdinli/Şemdinli)
                    • Southern Kurmanji (spoken in the Al-Hasakah Governorate in Syria, the Sinjar district in Iraq, and in several adjacent parts of Turkey centering on the Mardin and Batman provinces) (includes Hewler/Diyarbakır)
                    • Southwestern Kurmanji (spoken in the Adıyaman/Semsûr, Gaziantep/Entab and Şanlıurfa provinces of Turkey and the Aleppo Governorate of Syria)
                    • Northwestern Kurmanji (spoken in the Kahramanmaraş, in Kurmanji: Meraş, Malatya – Meletî, and Sivas – Sêwaz provinces of Turkey)
                      • Marashi
                    • Northern Kurmanji/Serhed Kurdish (spoken mainly in the Ağrı (Agirî), Erzurum (Erzerom) and Muş (Mûş) provinces of Turkey, as well as adjacent areas)
                      • Shikakî
                      • Bayezidi
                    • Anatolian Kurmanji (is spoken in Central Anatolia, especially in Konya, Ankara, Aksaray, by the Kurds of Central Anatolia)
                    • Ashiti
                    • Silivî
                    • Mihemedî
                • Zaza-Gorani
                  • Zaza (Dimlî) (Zazaki/Kirmanjki)
                    • Northern Zaza (Northern Dimlî) (Northern Zazaki/Northern Kirmanjki)
                      • West-Dersim
                      • East-Dersim
                      • Varto
                      • Sarız
                      • Koçgiri
                    • Southern Zaza (Southern Dimlî) (Southern Zazaki/Southern Kirmanjki)
                      • Sivereki
                      • Kori
                      • Hazzu
                      • Motki
                      • Dumbuli
                      • Eastern/Central Zazaki
                      • Dersimki
                  • Gorani (گۆرانی – Goranî) (spoken in the Hawraman region, western Iran, Iranian Kurdistan, and northeastern Iraq, Iraqi Kurdistan)
                    • Hawrami (Avromani)
                    • Bajelani
                    • Sarli
                    • Shabaki (شەبەکی – Shabaki)
              • Northwestern II
                • Tatic
                  • Tati-Azari/Tati/Azari
                    • Old Azeri/Azari (آذری – Āḏarī) (extinct)
                      • Tati ( اتی زبون – Tâti Zobun)
                        • South Qazvin province
                          • Takestani (Qazvin)
                          • Eshtehardi
                          • Chāli
                          • Dānesfāni
                          • Esfarvarini
                          • Ebrāhim-Ābādi
                          • Sagz-Ābādi
                          • Ziārāni Tāti
                          • Kiliti (extinct)
                          • Ziārāni Tāti
                          • Tikhuri Tāti/Tikhvur Tati (in Tikhor/Tikhvor)
                        • Ardabil province
                          • Ardabilaki Tāti
                          • Khalkhal
                        • Alborz mountains range
                          • Damāvandi (in Damavand, Iran)
                          • Old Tehrani (modern Tehrani is a Persian dialect)
                        • North Khorasan province
                          • Khorāsāni
                      • Southern Tati/Ramandi ( اتی زبون – Tâti Zobun)
                      • Harzandi/Harzani (هرزندی، هرزنی – Harzani)
                      • Karingani
                      • Kho'ini/Xo'ini (دیه زواَن – Die Zuan)
                      • Upper Taromi
                      • Kabatei
                      • Rudbari
                      • Taromi
                  • Talysh
                    • Talysh (Talışi – Толыши – تالشه زَوُن)
                      • Southern-Central Talyshi
                        • South Talyshi
                        • Central Talyshi
                      • Northern Talyshi
                    • Gozarkhani
                    • Kajali (nearly extinct)
                    • Koresh-e Rostam (nearly extinct)
                    • Maraghei (مراغی، مراقی – Maraghei)
                      • Dikini
                    • Razajerdi (nearly extinct)
                    • Shahrudi (nearly extinct)
                  • Transitional Tati-Talysh-Central Iran
                    • Tafresh
                  • Central Iran/Central Plateau (Kermanic)
                    • Northwestern Central Iran/Northwest Central Plateau
                      • Khunsari (Khusaari)
                      • Mahallati
                      • Vanishani
                      • Judeo-Golpaygani (Judeo-Median of Golpayegan) (extinct)
                    • Southwestern Central Iran/Southwestern Central Plateau
                      • Gazi
                      • Sedehi
                      • Ardestani
                      • Nohuji
                      • Sajzi
                      • Jarquya’i
                      • Rudashti
                      • Kafrudi
                      • Kafruni
                      • Judeo-Esfahani (Judeo-Median of Esfahan) (traditionally spoken in Esfahan/Ispahan)
                    • Northeastern Central Iran/Northeast Central Plateau
                      • Arani
                      • Bidgoli
                      • Delijani
                      • Nashalji
                      • Abuzaydabadi (Bizovoy/Bizovoyja)
                      • Qohrudi
                      • Badrudi
                      • Kamu’i
                      • Jowshaqani
                      • Meyma’i
                      • Abyana’i
                      • Soi/Sohi
                      • Badi
                      • Natanzi (spoken in Natanz, Natanz County, Isfahan Province, Central Iran)
                        • Natanzi Proper
                        • Farizandi
                        • Yarandi/Yarani
                      • Kasha’i
                      • Tari
                      • Tarqi
                      • Judeo-Kashani (Judeo-Median of Kashan)
                    • Southeastern Central Iran/Southeastern Central Plateau
                      • Zoroastrian Dari (گویش بهدینان/دری زرتشتی – Behdīnānī)
                        • Yazdi
                        • Kermani
                      • Nayini/Na'ini/Biyabanak
                        • Anaraki
                      • Zefra’i
                      • Varzenei
                      • Tudeshki
                      • Keyjani
                      • Abchuya’i
                • Kavir
                  • Khuri
                • Balochi (بلۏچی – Balòči/Balòci) (dialect continuum) (Southeast Iranian East Iranian substrate)
            • Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) (Pahlawānīg) (extinct)
              • Northwestern III
                • Caspian (dialect continuum) (possible Kartvelian/South Caucasian influence or substrate)
                  • Semnani
                  • Old Tabari (extinct) (a separate language from Mazanderani/Amardian that was assimilated) (it was spoken by the Tapuri)
                  • Mazanderani (Amardian)/Tabari (Tapuri) (مازندرانی – Mazandarani/طبری – Tabari) (Mazanderani people traditionally also call their language Gilaki as Gilaks call their language)
                    • Gorgani (extinct)
                    • Main Mazandarani
                      • Baboli
                      • Amoli
                      • Nuri
                      • Chaloosi
                      • Saravi
                      • Ghaemshahri
                      • Ghasrani
                      • Damavandi
                      • Firoozkoohi
                      • Astarabadi
                      • Katouli
                      • Shahsavari
                    • Shahmirzadi
                    • Royan Mazanderani
                    • Mazandarani-Gilaki/Gilani
                  • Deylami/Daylami (Galechi) (دیلمی – Deilami) (extinct)
                  • Gilaki (گیلکی – Giləki)
                    • Western Gilaki
                    • Eastern Gilaki
                    • Galeshi
          • Southwestern Iranian languages/Southern Western Iranian (dialect continuum)
            • Old Persian (extinct)
              • Middle Persian (������������ – Pārsīk or Pārsīg) (extinct)
                • Persian (New Persian) (فارسی – Fārsi/پارسی – Pārsi/форсӣ – Forsī)
                  • Iranian Persian (Western Persian) (فارسی – Fārsi/پارسی – Pārsi)
                    • Southwest Western Persian (in Fars/Pars, Bushehr and far western Hormozgan provinces, where Persian language, Farsi/Parsi, had its origin)
                      • Shirazi
                      • Bushehri
                      • Bandari Persian (not to be confused with Bandari)
                    • West Western Persian/Mesopotamian Persian
                      • Ahvazi
                      • Abadani
                      • Khorramshahri
                      • Karbalai
                    • Central Western Persian (Median substrate)
                      • Esfahani/Ispahani
                      • Araki
                      • Kashani
                      • Yazdi
                      • Kermani
                    • North Western Persian (Median substrate)
                      • Tehrani (Modern Tehrani) (basis of Standard Iranian Persian in Iran)
                      • Qazvini
                    • Northeast Western Persian/Khorasani Persian (Parthian substrate)
                      • Mashhadi
                    • Dzhidi (Judeo-Persian)
                  • Afghanistan Persian/Dari Persian (Eastern Persian) (Southeast Iranian East Iranian substrate)
                    • Afghanistan Persian (Dari Proper) (دری – Darī/فارسی دری – Fārsī-ye Darī)
                    • Pahlavni/Pahlavani (extinct)
                    • Aimaq/Aimaqi/Aimaq Persian (ایماقی – Aimaq) (several borrowings from Mongolic and Turkic but much less significant than Hazaragi)
                      • Firozkohi
                      • Jamshidi (Jamshedi, Djamchidi, Yemchidi, or Dzhemshid)
                      • Maliki
                      • Mizmast
                      • Taimani Aimaq
                      • Zainal
                      • Zohri/Zuri
                      • Changezi
                      • Taimuri (Teimuri, Timuri, or Taimouri)
                    • Hazaragi/Hazaragi Persian (Hazāragī) (آزرگی – Azaragi) (significant borrowings from Mongolic and Turkic) (spoken by the Hazara, their origin is in Persianized Turkic and Mongolian peoples mixed with native Iranian peoples of Central Afghanistan)
                    • Tajik/Tajiki Persian (Northeast Persian) (забо́ни тоҷикӣ́ – Zaboni Tojikī/форси́и тоҷикӣ́ – Forsii Tojikī) (Bactrian substrate)
                      • Southern dialects (South and East of Dushanbe, Kulob/Kulyab, and the Rasht region of Tajikistan) (today tends to be the basis of Standard Tajiki but not identical)
                      • Southeastern dialects (dialects of the Darvoz region and the Amu Darya near Rushon)
                      • Central dialects (dialects of the upper Zarafshan Valley)
                      • Northern dialects (Sughd, Northern Tajikistan, Bukhara, Samarkand, Kyrgyzstan, and the Varzob valley region of Dushanbe) (once was the basis of Standard Tajiki)
                        • Bukhori (Judeo-Bukharic, Judeo-Persian of Bukhara) (בוכארי – бухорӣ – Buxorī/Bukhori) (traditionally spoken by Bukharian Jews in Bukhara, now mainly in Israel)
                • Tat/Caucasus Tat/Persian Tat (Zuhun Tati)
                  • Muslim/Christian Tat (Zuhun Tati)
                    • Aruskush-Daqqushchu
                    • Lahyj
                    • Balakhani
                    • Devechi
                    • Qyzyl Qazma
                    • Qonaqkend
                    • Absheron
                    • Surakhani
                    • Northern Tats
                    • Malham
                    • Quba
                    • Armeno-Tati (spoken by the Armeno-Tats)
                  • Judeo-Tat/ Judeo-Persian Tat (Juhuri/Juvuri) (Çuhuri – жугьури – ז׳אוּהאוּראִ) (traditional language of the Mountain Jews)
                • Persid/Southern Zagros
                  • Northwestern Fars-Sivandi
                  • Kuhmareyi
                    • Davani dialect (Devani) (دوانی – Davāni)
                  • Luri (لۊری – Lurī)
                    • Southern Luri
                      • Mamasani
                      • Kohkiluyeh/Kohgīlūya
                      • Boir-Aḥmadī
                    • Northern Luri/Central Luri (Minjai)
                    • Bakhtiari (بختیاری – Bakhtiarī)
                  • Khuzestani Persian
                    • Southern Khuzestani Persian
                      • Behbahani
                      • Ramhormozi
                      • Hendijani
                      • Mahshahri
                      • Qanavati
                      • Larki
                      • Bahmeei
                    • Northern Khuzestani Persian (Dezfuli/Shushtari)
                      • Dezfuli
                      • Shushtari
                      • Gotvandi
              • Larestani–Gulf (Larestani-Persian Gulf)
                • Larestani
                  • Lari (Larestani/Achomi/Ajami) (اَچُمی – Achomi/خودمونی – Khodmoni)
                • Gulf (Persian Gulf)
            • Sagartian (was spoken in Sagartia) (extinct)
            • Carmanian (was spoken in Carmania, roughly corresponding with the modern province of Kerman) (extinct)
            • Utian (was spoken in Utia, roughly corresponding with today's southeastern Iran) (extinct)
    • Transitional Iranian-Indo-Aryan
      • Nuristani languages (older name: Kafiri) (Kapisi > Kafiri ?)
        • Southern (Kalasha)
          • Askunu (Âṣkuňu-veːri)
            • Ashuruveri/Askunu Proper (Âṣkuňu-veːri) (Kolata, Titin, Bajaygul, Askugal, Majegal)
              • Bâźâigal
              • Kolatâ˜
              • Titin
            • Gramsukraviri (Grâmsaňâ-viːri) (Gramsaragram, Acanu)
            • Suruviri (Saňu-viːri) (Wamai, Wama)
          • Waigali (Kalaṣa-alâ)
            • Kalasha-ala/Waigali (Kalaṣa-alâ)
              • Waigali/Waigali Proper (Varǰan-alâ)
                • Vä-alâ (Vai-alâ)
                • Ameš-alâ
                • ǰâmameš-alâ
                • ẓö˜č-alâ
              • Čima-Nišei (Čimi-alâ – Nišei-alâ)
                • Nišei-alâ
                • Čimi-alâ
          • Tregami-Zemiaki
            • Tregami (Tregâmi) (in the Tregâm Valley of the lower Pech River, in the Watapur District of Kunar Province in Afghanistan)
              • Katar
              • Gambir
            • Zemiaki (J̌amlám-am bašá) (in Zemyaki village)
        • Northern (Kamkata-Vasi)
          • Kamkata-vari (Kati) (Kâmvʹiri, Kâtʹa-vari, Mum-viri, Kṣtʹa-vari)
            • Kata-vari (Kât'a-vari)
              • Western Kata-vari (Kât'a-vari)
                • Kt'ivřâ·i vari
              • Eastern Kata-vari (Kât'a-vari)
            • Kamviri (Kâmv'iri)
            • Mumviri (Mumv'iri)
              • Shekhani
          • Vasi-vari/Wasi-wari (Prasuni) (Vâsi-vari) (in the Pârun Valley)
            • Uṣ'üt-var'e
            • Üš'üt-üć'ü-zum'u-vari
            • ṣup'u-var'i
    • Indo-Aryan languages
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan (extinct)
        • Old Indo-Aryan (extinct)
          • Mitanni-Aryan (a far western Indo-Aryan language spoken in Mitanni, Northern Mesopotamia and Levant, along with Hurrian, that was a non Indo-European language)
          • Early Old Indo-Aryan – Vedic Sanskrit/Rigvedic Sanskrit
            • Late Old Indo-Aryan – Sanskrit (संस्कृतम् – Saṃskṛtam) (Classical Sanskrit) (Classical and High culture language of South Asia, mainly of Hinduism, Hindu philosophy and also of Buddhism and Jainism) (includes Epic Sanskrit) (revived language with 26 490 first language (L1) or mother tongue speakers and increasing) (living language and not extinct)
              • Middle Indo-Aryan (Prakrits) (extinct)
                • Dardic (The relation of this subgroup to other Indo Aryan languages is unclear) (a more geographical rather than linguistic genealogical group)
                  • Gandhari Prakrit (extinct)
                    • Chitral languages (dialect continuum)
                      • Kalasha-mun (Kalashamondr) (has no close connection to Waigali or Kalasha-ala, that although related, belongs to another branch – Nuristani)
                      • Khowar (Chitrali) (کهووار – Khō-wār)
                        • Standard Khowar
                        • Swati Khowar (Swat Kohistan)
                        • Lotkuhiwar (Lotkuh Valley/ Gramchashma Valley)
                        • Gherzikwar (Ghizer Valley)
                        • Gilgiti Khowar (Gilgit-Baltistan) (spoken by a few families in Gilgit city)
                    • Kashmiri/Koshur (कॉशुर – كٲشُر – Kashmiri)
                      • Kashtawari/Kishtwari (Kashmiri standard)
                      • Poguli
                      • Rambani
                    • Kohistani languages (dialect continuum)
                      • Bateri (बटेरी – Bateri)
                      • Chilisso
                      • Gowro/Gabaro
                      • Indus Kohistani (Maiya, Shutun, Abasin Kohistani)
                        • Indus Kohistani dialect (Jijal, Mani, Pattan, Seo)
                        • Duber-Kandia (Khili, Manzari)
                        • Kanyawali
                      • Kalami/Gawri (Garwi, Bashkarik) (کالامي – Kalami/ګاوری – Gawri)
                      • Tirahi/Dardù (nearly extinct)
                      • Torwali (توروالی – Torwali)
                        • Bahrain
                        • Chail
                      • Wotapuri-Katargalai (extinct)
                        • Wotapuri
                        • Katarqalai
                    • Pashayi/Pashai (a small group of four separate but closely related languages, not only a single language) (dialect continuum)
                      • Southwest Pashayi
                        • Ishpi
                        • Isken
                        • Tagau dialects
                      • Southeast Pashayi
                        • Damench
                        • Laghmani
                        • Sum
                        • Upper and Lower Darai Nur
                        • Wegali dialects
                      • Northwest Pashayi
                        • Alasai
                        • Bolaghain
                        • Gulbahar
                        • Kohnadeh
                        • Laurowan
                        • Najil
                        • Nangarach
                        • Pachagan
                        • Pandau
                        • Parazhghan
                        • Pashagar
                        • Sanjan
                        • Shamakot
                        • Shutul
                        • Uzbin
                        • Wadau dialects
                      • Northeast Pashayi
                        • Aret
                        • Chalas (Chilas)
                        • Kandak
                        • Korangal
                        • Kurdar dialects
                    • Kunar languages (dialect continuum)
                    • Shina languages (dialect continuum)
                      • Palula/Phalura/Ashreti (پالولہ – Palula)
                      • Sawi/Savi/Sauji
                      • Kalkoti/Goedijaa
                      • Ushoji/Ushojo
                      • Kundal Shahi (کنڈل شاہی – Kundal Shahi)
                      • Shina (ݜݨیاٗ – Šiṇyaá)
                        • Gilgiti (the prestige dialect)
                        • Astori
                        • Chilasi Kohistani
                        • Drasi
                        • Gurezi
                      • Kohistani Shina (ݜݨیاٗ – Šiṇyaá) (a divergent variety of Shina, divergent enough to be considered a separate language although closely related to it)
                        • Palasi (Palas)
                        • Jalkoti (Jalkot)
                        • Kolai (Koli)
                      • Brokskat/Dah-Hanu (Shina of Baltistan, Dras and Ladakh)
                      • Domaaki/Dumaki (in Nager and Hunza, among the Burushaski, Wakhi and Shina speakers) (historically it was a language of the North Indian plains, affiliated to the Central Group of New Indo-Aryan languages whose speakers migrated towards north) (Central Indo-Aryan substrate that is a distant relative of the languages spoken by the Doma/Roma)
                        • Nager-Domaaki
                        • Hunza-Domaaki
                • North-Western Indo-Aryan (dialect continuum)
                • Northern Indo-Aryan (dialect continuum)
                  • Western Pahari (Dogri-Kangri) (Himachali)
                    • Dogri-Kangri
                    • Mandeali/Chambeali
                      • Standard Mandeali
                      • Sarkaghat
                      • Mandeali Pahari
                    • Kullu/Kulvi (Kullū/Kuluī)
                    • Jaunsari (जौनसारी – Jaunsari)
                    • Pahari Kinnauri (Harijan Kinnauri/Kinnauri Himachali)
                    • Sirmauri (Sirmauri Himachali)
                      • Dharthi (Giriwari)
                      • Giripari
                    • Hinduri/Handuri
                    • Mahasu Pahari/(Mahasui/Mahasuvi)
                      • Lower Mahasu Pahari
                        • Baghati
                        • Baghliani
                        • Kiunthali
                      • Upper Mahasu Pahari
                  • Central Pahari
                    • Garhwali (गढ़वळि भाख – Garhwali)
                      • Srinagariya (classical Garhwali spoken in erstwhile royal capital, Srinagar, accepted as Standard Garhwali by most scholars)
                      • Chandpuriya (spoken in Chandpur region, area in Chamoli district)
                      • Tihriyali/Gangapariya (spoken in Tehri Garhwal)
                      • Badhani (spoken in Chamoli Garhwal)
                      • Dessaulya
                      • Lohabbya
                      • Majh-Kumaiya (spoken at the border of Garhwal and Kumaon)
                      • Nagpuriya (spoken in Rudraprayag district)
                      • Rathi (spoken in Rath area of Pauri Garhwal)
                      • Salani (spoken in Talla Salan, Malla Salan and Ganga Salan parganas of Pauri)
                      • Ranwalti (spoken in Ranwain, the Yamuna valley of Uttarkashi)
                      • Bangani (spoken in Bangaan area of Uttarkashi)
                      • Jaunpuri (spoken in Uttarkashi and Tehri districts)
                      • Gangadi (spoken in Uttarkashi)
                      • Chaundkoti (spoken in Pauri)
                    • Parvati (reportedly not mutually intelligible with other dialects) (could be a separate language from Garhwali, although closely related)
                    • Kumaoni (कुमाँऊनी – Kumaoni)
                      • Western Kumaoni
                      • Central Kumaoni (Kali)
                      • North-Eastern Kumaoni
                      • South-Eastern Kumaoni
                    • Doteli/Dotyali (डोटेली – Dotyali)
                      • Doteli Proper
                      • Baitadeli
                      • Darchuli
                      • Bajhangi/Bajhangi Nepali
                  • Eastern Pahari
                • Western Indo-Aryan (dialect continuum)
                • Central Indo-Aryan (Madhya/Hindi) (dialect continuum)
                  • Sauraseni Prakrit (extinct) (spoken mainly in the Madhyadesa region)
                    • Western Hindi (Western Madhyadesi)
                      • North Western Madhyadesi
                        • Hindustani (हिन्दुस्तानी – ہندوستانی)
                          • Dehlavi, Delhi dialect, Kauravi (कौरवी), Vernacular Hindustani, Khari, Khadi, Khadi Boli, Khari Boli (खड़ी बोली – کھڑی بولی), Rekhta, Urdu, Hindi, Hindvi, Deccani (Dakhini) (natively spoken in Delhi, Western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh states, introduced into the Deccan, scattered and spoken in all India, especially in the Northern Indian states, Hindi Belt) (basis of Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu)
                            • Hindi (High Hindi, Nagari Hindi, Literary Hindi, Standard Hindi) (Sanskritised standard register of the Hindustani language) (हिन्दी – Hindī)
                              • Standard Hindi (High Hindi/Nagari Hindi) (lingua franca of Northern India – the Hindi belt)
                              • Delhavi (Delhi Hindi) (spoken in Delhi and outskirts)
                              • Doab Hindi (spoken in the Ganges-Yamuna Doab)
                                • Upper Doab (spoken in Upper Doab)
                                • Middle Doab (spoken in Middle Doab) (overlaps with Braj Bhasha)
                              • Kuttahir/Rohilkhand (spoken in Kuttahir/Rohilkhand) (overlaps with Braj Bhasha and Kannauji)
                              • Mumbai Hindi (Mumbaiya Hindi) (Bombay Hindi) ("Bombay Baat")
                            • Urdu/Lashkari (Persianised standard register of the Hindustani language) (ردُو – Urdū)
                              • Standard Urdu (lingua franca of Pakistan)
                              • Lahore Urdu
                              • Islamabad Urdu
                              • Karachi Urdu
                              • Dakhini/Dakkhani/Deccani (دکنی – Dakkhani) (fewer Persian and Arabic loans than other Urdu dialects) (an Urdu dialect or a derived language from it) (spoken by the Dakhini Muslims)
                              • Dhakaiya Urdu (endangered minority language spoken in Bangladesh)
                              • Rekhta (is a form of Urdu used in poetry)
                          • Sansi-Kabutra
                      • South Western Madhyadesi
                        • Braj-Kannauji
                          • Braj (Braj Bhasha) (Brij Bhasha) (ब्रज भाषा – Braj Bhasha) (spoken in Vraja Bhoomi region)
                          • Kannauji (कन्नौजी – Kannauji) (spoken in the Kannauj region)
                            • Tirhari
                            • Transitional Kannauji
                        • Bundeli/Bundelkhandi (बुन्देली/बुंदेली – Bundeli) (spoken in Bundelkhand)
                          • Standard Bundeli
                          • Northwest Bundeli (similar to Braj Bhasha)
                          • Northeast Bundeli (closely related to Bagheli)
                          • South Bundeli
                      • Unclassified
                        • Bhaya (nearly extinct)
                        • Ghera/Bara
                        • Gowli (spoken by the Gowari)
                        • Haryanvi (हरियाणवी – Hariyāṇvī/हरयाणवी – Harayāṇvī) (mainly spoken in Haryana State)
                          • Bagdi
                          • Bangaru Proper
                          • Deswali/Deshwali
                          • Khadar
                          • Mewati (Haryanvi)
                    • Parya (Парья – Par'ya) (nearly extinct) (an Indo-Aryan language spoken out of the Indian Subcontinent, in the border regions between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan)
                • Transitional Central-Eastern Indo-Aryan (dialect continuum)
                • Eastern Indo-Aryan (dialect continuum)
                  • Magadhi Prakrit (Māgadhī)(extinct) (was spoken in the ancient kingdom of Magadha)
                  • Pali (पालि – Pāḷi) (Paiśācī Prakrit?) (extinct) (liturgical or sacred language of some religious texts of Hinduism and all texts of Theravāda Buddhism)
                    • Apabhramsa Avahatta/Abahatta (অবহট্‌ঠ – Abahaṭ‌ṭha) (extinct)
                      • Bihari languages
                        • Old Bihari
                          • Bhojpuri (भोजपुरी – Bhōjpurī) (spoken in Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Western Bihar)
                            • Northern Bhojpuri (Gorakhpuri, Sarawaria, Basti, Padrauna)
                            • Western Bhojpuri (Purbi, Benarsi)
                            • Southern Bhojpuri (Kharwari)
                            • Nagpuria Bhojpuri (Sadari)
                            • Tharu Bhojpuri
                            • Madheshi Bhojpuri
                            • Domra Bhojpuri
                            • Musahari Bhojpuri
                            • Mauritian Bhojpuri
                            • South African Bhojpuri (Naitali)
                            • Caribbean Hindustani (spoken by the Indo-Caribbeans)
                              • Trinidadian Hindustani ( Trinidadian Bhojpuri/Plantation Hindustani/Gaon ke Bolee – Village Speech)
                              • Guyanese Hindustani ( Aili Gaili)
                              • Sarnami Hindustani/Sarnami Hindoestani (Suriname Hindustani)
                          • Magadhi (મગહી – मगही – Magahī) (spoken in Central Bihar State)
                          • Khortha (Eastern Magadhi) (could be a Magadhi dialect) (spoken by the Sadan in Jharkhand State)
                          • Maithili (मैथिली – মৈথিলী – Maithilī) (spoken in Mithila, in the states of Bihar and Jharkhand)
                            • Angika (a dialect of Maithili or could be divergent enough to be considered a separate language)
                            • Central Maithili/Madhubani (Sotipura) (basis of the standard form of Maithili)
                            • Thēthi
                            • Jolaha
                            • Kisan
                            • Madhur
                            • Bajjika (a dialect of Maithili or could be divergent enough to be considered a separate language)
                          • Kudmali/Kurmali/Panchpargania/Tamaria (কুর্মালী – কুড়মালি – Kur(a)mālī) (পঞ্চপরগনিয়া – Panchpargania) (spoken by the Kudumi Mahato)
                            • Mayurbhanja Kurumali
                            • Manbhum Kurmali Thar
                          • Majhi (extinct)
                          • Musasa (spoken predominantly by the Musahar)
                          • Sadri/Sadani/Nagpuri (native language of the Sadan/Sadri)
                          • Oraon Sadri (spoken by part of the Oraon or Kurukh, a Dravidian people, non Indo-European substrate)
                      • Bengali-Assamese languages (বাংলা-অসমীয়া ভাষাসমূহ)
                      • Odia languages (Oriya)
                        • Old Odia (spoken in Utkala Kingdom, located in the northern and eastern portion of the modern-day Indian state of Odisha)
                          • Early Middle Odia
                            • Middle Odia
                              • Late Middle Odia
                                • Odia proper (Modern Odia) (ଓଡ଼ିଆ – Oṛiā/Odia)
                                  • Spoken Standard Odia
                                  • Literary standard of Odia
                                  • Midnapori Odia (spoken in the undivided Midnapore and Bankura Districts of West Bengal)
                                  • Singhbhumi Odia (spoken in East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum and Saraikela-Kharsawan district of Jharkhand)
                                  • Baleswari Odia (spoken in Baleswar, Bhadrak and Mayurbhanj district of Odisha)
                                  • Cuttaki Odia (spoken in Cuttack, Jajpur, Jagatsinghpur and Kendrapara district of Odisha)
                                  • Puri Odia (spoken in Puri district of Odisha)
                                  • Ganjami Odia (spoken in Ganjam and Gajapati districts of Odisha and Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh)
                                  • Phulbani Odia (spoken in Phulbani, Phulbani Town, Khajuripada block of Kandhamal, and in nearby areas bordering Boudh district)
                                  • Sundargadi Odia (variation of Odia Spoken in Sundargarh district of Odisha and in adjoining pockets of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh)
                                  • Kalahandia Odia (variation of Odia spoken in undivided Kalahandi District and neighboring districts of Chhattisgarh)
                                  • Kurmi (spoken in Northern Odisha and South west Bengal)
                                  • Sounti (spoken in Northern Odisha and South west Bengal) (spoken by the Sounti)
                                  • Bathudi (spoken in Northern Odisha and South west Bengal by the Bathudi)
                                  • Kondhan (a tribal dialect spoken in Western Odisha)
                                  • Laria (spoken in bordering areas of Chatishgarh and Western Odisha)
                                  • Aghria/Agharia (spoken mostly by the Agharia or Aghria caste in Western Odisha)
                                  • Bhulia (spoken in Western part of Odisha by Bhulia or Weaver community)
                                • Adivasi Oriya/Adivasi Odia
                                • Bodo Parja/Jharia (tribal dialect of Odia spoken mostly in Koraput district of Southern Odisha)
                                • Desiya Odia or Koraputia Odia (spoken in Koraput, Kalahandi, Rayagada, Nabarangapur and Malkangiri Districts of Odisha and in the hilly regions of Vishakhapatnam, Vizianagaram District of Andhra Pradesh)
                                • Sambalpuri/Western Odia (Kosali) (spoken in western Odisha, East India, in Bargarh, Bolangir, Boudh, Debagarh, Nuapada, Sambalpur, Subarnapur districts of Odisha and in Raigarh, Mahasamund, Raipur districts of Chhattisgarh state) (it is not to be confused with "Kosali", a term sometimes also used for Awadhi and related languages)
                                • Reli/Relli (spoken in Southern Odisha and bordering areas of Andhra Pradesh)
                                • Kupia (spoken by the Valmiki caste people in the Indian state of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, mostly in Hyderabad, Mahabubnagar, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, East Godavari and Visakhapatnam districts)
                • Transitional Eastern-Southern Indo-Aryan (dialect continuum)
                • Southern Indo-Aryan (dialect continuum)
                  • Maharashtri Prakrit (महाराष्ट्री प्राकृत – Mahārāṣṭri Prākṛt) (extinct)
                    • Marathi–Konkani languages
                      • Marathi (मराठी – Marāṭhī)
                      • Konkani (spoken along Konkan Coast and Northern Malabar Coast)
                        • Kadodi (Samvedi, Samavedi) (spoken by the Samvedi Brahmin and Kupari community in Vasai, Maharashtra, India)
                        • Katkari/Kathodi (spoken by the Katkari people)
                        • Varli/Warli (वारली – Varli/Warli) (spoken by the Warli/Varli people)
                        • Phudagi/Vadvali (फुडगी – Phudagi/वाडवळी – Vadvali)
                        • Maharashtrian Konkani/Maharashtrian Kokani (महाराष्ट्रीय कोंकणी – Maharashtri Konkani/महाराष्ट्रीय कोकणी – Maharashtri Kokani)
                          • Parabhi
                          • Koli (spoken by the Koli or fishermen community found in Mumbai, Thane, Palghar and Raigad district of Maharashtra)
                          • Kiristanv
                          • Kunbi
                          • Agri/Agari (spoken by the Agri people)
                          • Dhangari
                          • Thakri/Thakuri (spoken by the Adivasi and katkari community found in Raigad district of Maharashtra) (non-Marathi substratum)
                          • Karadhi
                          • Sangameshwari
                          • Bankoti
                          • Maoli
                        • Konkani (Goan Konkani) (कोंकणी – Kōṅkaṇī)
                        • Kukna (Canarese Konkani) (कॅनराचॆं कोंकणी – Canarachem Konkani)
                          • Saraswat dialects (आमचीगॆलॆं – āmcigelẽ)
                          • Travancore Konkani (Kerala Konkani) (including parts of Kochi/Cochin) (कॊच्चिमांय – Koccimā̃y)
                    • Sinhalese-Maldivian languages (Insular Indo-Aryan)
                      • Sinhalese Prakrit (Elu/Helu/Hela) (Eḷu/Sīhala) (extinct)
                        • Proto-Sinhala (3rd–7th century CE)
                          • Medieval Sinhala (7th–12th century CE)
                            • Sinhala (Modern Sinhala) (සිංහල – 'Siṁhala')
                              • Uva (Monaragala, Badulla)
                              • Southern (Galle)
                              • Uppland Country (Kandy)
                              • Sabaragamu (Kegalle)
                        • Maldivian (Dhivehi) (ދިވެހި – Dhivehi/ދިވެހިބަސް – Dhivehi-bas) (spoken in the Maldives and also in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep, southwest India and in Minicoy Island, southwest India)
                          • Maliku Bas (Mahl) (spoken in Minicoy)
                          • Haddhunmathee Bas (spoken in Haddhunmathi/Laamu)
                          • Malé Bas (basis of Standard Maldivian)
                          • Mulaku Bas (spoken in Fuvahmulah)
                          • Madifushi Bas (spoken in Kolhumadulu)
                          • Huvadhu Bas (spoken in Huvadhu)
                          • Addu Bas (spoken in Addu)
                • Unclassified
                  • Andh/Andhi (spoken by the Andh)
                  • Chinali-Lahul Lohar (spoken in Lahaul and Spiti district, in northern Himachal Pradesh, northern India)
                    • Chinali
                    • Lahul Lohar
                  • Kanjari (it may be one of the Punjabi languages)
                  • Kholosi (spoken in two villages in southern Iran)
                  • Kumhali/Kumbale (moribund Indic language of Nepal)
                  • Kuswaric (spoken in Nepal)
                    • Danwar/Danuwar
                    • Bote-Darai
                      • Bote
                      • Darai
                    • Dewas Rai (it is not related to the Rai languages of the Tibeto-Burman family)
                  • Od (Oadki) (it has similarities to Marathi, with features also shared with Gujarati) (spoken by the Orh in Gujarat, Haryana, Rajasthan, New Delhi, Sindh, and the south of Punjab)
                  • Tharu (थारु – Tharu) (not only one language) (Pre-Indo-European, Pre-Dravidian and Pre-Sino-Tibetan substrate of an unknown language or languages of a possible indigenous language family) (mainly in the Terai)
                    • Dangaura-Rana-Buksa
                      • Dangaura Tharu
                      • Rana Tharu
                      • Buksa Tharu/Bhoksa Tharu (spoken by the Bhoksa people)
                    • Sonha
                    • Kathoria Tharu
                    • Kochila Tharu
                    • Chitwania Tharu
                  • Domari-Romani?
                    • Proto Domari-Romani (extinct)
                      • Domari
                        • Domari ("India and Middle Eastern Gypsy") (دٛومَرِي – דּוֺמָרִי – Dōmʋārī/Dōmʋārī ǧib/Dômarî ĵib) (in scattered communities in India, Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa)
                          • Dombari (in Northern India and Pakistan)
                          • Dehari (in Haryana)
                          • Orhi (in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand)
                          • Kanjari (in Northern India)
                            • Patharkati (in Northern India and Nepal)
                          • Mirasi (in Northern India, Punjab)
                          • Bedi (in Bangladesh)
                          • Narikurava (in Tamil Nadu)
                          • Lori (in Balochistan)
                          • Mugati (Lyuli) (in Central Asian countries)
                          • Churi-Wali (in Afghanistan)
                          • Kurbati/Ghorbati (in Afghanistan and Iran)
                          • Karachi/Garachi (in Northern Iran and Azerbaijan, Caucasus)
                          • Marashi (in Marash, southeastern Turkey)
                          • Barake (in Syria)
                          • Nawari (in Mesopotamia, Levant, North Africa)
                          • Palestinian Domari (in the old quarters of Jerusalem)
                          • Helebi (in North Africa: Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco)
                          • Halab/Ghajar (in Sudan)
                          • Old Persian Domari (former speakers shifted to a mixed Persian Romani language) (extinct)
                        • Seb Seliyer
                      • Transitional Domari-Romani
                        • Old Lomari/Old Lomavren ("Armenian Gypsy") (former speakers shifted to a mixed Romani-Domari-Armenian language, Lomavren) (extinct)
                      • Romani
                        • Romani ("Anatolian and European Gypsy") (Romani čhib) (see also Para-Romani languages) (in scattered communities in Anatolia/Asia Minor, Europe, North and South America)
                          • Old Persian Romani (former speakers shifted to a mixed Persian Romani language) (extinct)
                          • Balkan Romani (Anatolia-Balkan Romani) (Balkan Gypsy)
                            • Southern Balkan (includes Anatolia)/Balkan I (some speakers shifted to a mixed Romano-Greek language)
                              • Rumelian-Zargari
                                • Rumelian
                                • Zargari (spoken in Zargar region, Abyek district of the Qazvin Province in Iran by the Zargari people)
                              • Sepeči/Sepečides-Romani (Greek Balkan Romani)
                              • Arli/Arlija
                              • Prizren
                              • Ursari Romani (Erli, Usari)
                              • Sofia Erli
                              • Crimean Romani (Kyrymitika)
                            • Northern Balkan (Zis)/Balkan II (some speakers shifted to a mixed Romano-Serbian language)
                              • Dzambazi
                              • Bugurdži
                              • Drindari/Razgrad Drindari (East Bulgarian Romani)
                              • Kalajdži Romani/Pazardžik Kalajdži
                              • Tinners Romani
                              • Ironworker Romani
                              • Paspatian
                          • Vlax Romani (řomani čhib)
                            • Northern Vlax/Vlax I
                              • Kalderash Romani (Coppersmith, Kelderashícko)
                              • Lovari (Lovarícko)
                                • Machvano (Machvanmcko)
                              • Churari (Churarícko, Sievemakers)
                              • Eastern Vlax Romani (Bisa)
                              • Sedentary Romania Romani
                              • Ukraine-Moldavia Romani
                            • Southern Vlax/Vlax II
                              • Serbo-Bosnian Romani
                              • North Albanian Romani
                              • South Albanian Romani
                              • Sedentary Bulgaria Romani
                              • Zagundzi
                              • Grekurja (Greco)
                              • Ghagar
                          • Northern Romani
                            • Carpathian Romani (Central Romani)
                              • Southern Central
                                • Romungro/Romungro Romani
                                • Roman/Roman Romani
                                • Vend/Vend Romani
                              • Gurvari/Gurvari Romani
                              • Northern Central
                                • East Slovak Romani
                                • West Slovak Romani
                                • Old Bohemian Romani (former speakers shifted to a mixed Romani-Czech dialect, Bohemian Romani) (both extinct)
                                • South Polish Romani
                            • Northwestern
                              • Sinte Romani (Sintenghero/Tschib(en)/Sintitikes/Manuš/Romanes)
                                • Serbian Romani dialect
                                • Slovenian-Croatian Romani
                                • Venetian Sinti
                                • Piedmont Sintí
                                • Abbruzzesi Romani
                                • Eftawagaria
                                • Estracharia
                                • Kranaria
                                • Krantiki
                                • Lallere
                                • Praistiki
                                • Gadschkene
                                • Manouche (Manuche, Manush, Manuš)
                              • Welsh-Romani (Kååle) (Romnimus) (probably extinct as a first language)
                              • Old Scottish Romani (former speakers shifted to Scottish Cant language) (extinct)
                              • Old Anglic Romani (former speakers shifted to a mixed Anglo-Romani language) (extinct)
                                • Old Scandinavian Romani (former speakers shifted to a mixed Scandoromani language) (extinct)
                                  • Finnish Kalo (Kaalengo tšimb)
                              • Old Caló (former speakers shifted to a mixed Romani-Occitan-Ibero Romance language, Modern Caló, and to a mixed Romani-Basque language, Erromintxela) (extinct)
                            • Northeastern
                              • Baltic Romani
                                • Polish Romani (Polska Romani)
                                • White Russian Romani (
                                • Latvian Romani (Lettish Romani) (Lotfika)
                                • Estonian Romani (Čuxny Romani)
                                • North Russian Romani (Xaladitka)
                  • Savji language (Saoji/Souji/Sauji) (Savji bhasha/Khatri bhasha)
                  • Vaagri Booli/Hakkipikki

Italic languages

Iron Age Italy (c.500 B.C.). Italic languages in green colours.
Length of the Roman rule and the Romance Languages[7]
Romance languages in Europe (major dialect groups are also shown).
European extent of Romance languages in the 20th century
Eastern and Western Romance areas split by the La Spezia–Rimini Line
Romance languages in the World. Countries and sub-national entities where one or more Romance languages are spoken. Dark colours: First language, Light colours: Official or Co-Official language; Very Light colours: Spoken by a significant minority as first or second language. Blue: French; Green: Spanish; Orange: Portuguese; Yellow: Italian; Red: Romanian.
  • Proto-Italic (extinct)
    • Osco-Umbrian languages (Sabellic languages) (all extinct)
    • Latino-Faliscan languages
      • Faliscan (extinct) (was spoken by the Faliscans in Ager Faliscus)
        • Capenate
      • Latin (Latina/Lingua Latina) (Lingua franca, High culture language and de facto Official language of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, Classical language in the western half of the Roman Empire, see Greek East and Latin West, and of the Western Roman Empire, High culture language of Western Europe for two thousand years, traditional sacred or liturgical language of the Christian Catholic Church/Roman Catholic church for almost two millennia) (origin in Latium Vetus, part of today's Lazio region, West Central Italy) (extinct as first language or mother tongue but always known, continuously learned, spoken and written along many generations)
        • Old Latin (Early Latin/Archaic Latin) (Prisca Latina/Prisca Latinitas) (extinct)
          • Classical Latin (LINGVA LATINA – Lingua Latina) (extinct)
            • Latium Latin (intra Latium) (Latin that was spoken by the original speakers of Latin in Latium Vetus, Latium)
              • Roman Latin
                • Rural Roman Latin (Latin dialect of Ager Romanus, rural areas of Latium)
                • Urban Roman Latin (Latin dialect of ancient Rome city, Roma Urbs, itself)
              • Lanuvian (it was spoken in Lanuvium, today's Lanuvio, in Lazio, west central Italy)
              • Praenestinian (it was spoken in Praeneste, today's Palestrina, in Lazio, west central Italy)
            • Provincial Latin (extra Latium) (Latin that was spoken by Romanized peoples in the provinces of the Roman Empire)
              • Northern Latin/Continental Latin
                • Western Latin
                  • Italic-Latin (Latin that was spoken by the Italo-Romans, non-latin italic Romanized populations)
                  • Gallo-Hispanic Latin
                    • Gallic Latin (Latin that was spoken by the Gallo-Romans)
                      • Cisalpine Gallic (in most of today's Northern Italy)
                      • Transalpine/Gallic and Aquitanian Latin
                        • Britannic Latin/British Latin (Not British Romance) (Latin that was spoken by the Romano-Britons)
                          • Hibernian Latin
                      • Rhaetian Latin
                    • Hispanic Latin (Latin that was spoken by the Hispano-Romans)
                • Eastern Latin
                  • Illyrian Latin (north of the Jireček Line) (Latin that was spoken by the Illyro-Romans)
                    • Pannonian Latin (Not Pannonian Romance)
                    • Dacian Latin (north of the Jireček Line) (Latin that was spoken by the Daco-Romans)
                    • Thracian Latin (south of the Jireček Line) (Latin that was spoken by the Thraco-Romans) (may have influenced Aromanian)
                  • Greco-Latin (Spoken by Roman Diaspora in Greece)
              • Southern Latin (retention of archaic features in the periphery of the Latin speaking world)
                • Insular Latin (Not Insular Romance) (Latin that was spoken by the insular populations of Corsica and Sardinia)
                  • Corsican Latin
                  • Sardinian Latin
                • African Latin (Not African Romance) (West North Africa, in many regions of today's Maghreb) (Latin that was spoken by the African Romans in North Africa, especially in the Africa province, the origin of the name "Africa" that was later applied to the whole continent)
            • Latin Sociolects (most provinces)
              • Imperial Latin (Sociolect used by ruling class Romans)
              • Judeo-Latin (Judæo-Latin/La‘az/Ebraico-Latino) (לועז – Lo`ez/La'az) (Sociolect used by Roman Jews, possible ancestor of Judæo-Romance languages)
              • Serf Latin (Sociolect used by Roman Serfs)
            • Out of the Empire Latin
              • Germanic-Latin
              • Slavic-Latin
            • Late Latin (Latina/Lingua Latina) (last phase of Latin as a first language or mother tongue and written Latin of Late Antiquity)
              • Medieval Latin (Lingua Latina) (Latin after stopped being spoken as first language or mother tongue)
              • Late Vulgar Latin (Sermo Vulgaris/Lingua Romanica – "Roman language"/"Romanic language", the origin of the term "Romance" applied to the languages) (Vulgar Latin, especially Late Vulgar Latin is synonymous with Proto-Romance or Common Romance, Latin through its variant Vulgar Latin, is the Proto-language or common ancestor language of Romance or New Latin languages or Neo-Latin languages) (Latin, mainly including its variant, Vulgar Latin, had several regional dialects that over time developed towards separate but closely related Romance/New Latin languages languages) (extinct)
                • Romance/New Latin/Neo Latin (languages that evolved from Latin regional dialects that over time developed towards separate but closely related languages)
                  • Continental Romance/Northern Romance (another alternative classification of the main Romance languages groups is the Western vs. Eastern Romance languages split by the La Spezia-Rimini Line)
                    • Italo-Western languages (dialect continuum)
                      • Italo-Dalmatian languages (dialect continuum)
                        • Italian
                          • Old Italian (extinct)
                            • Italian (Italiano/Lingua Italiana)
                              • Standard Italian (mainly based on the Fiorentino dialect of Tuscan but not identical and much more latinized)
                              • Central Italian/Middle Italian (Italiano Centrale/Italiano Mediano)
                                • Laziale (spoken in Lazio region)
                                  • Romanesco (Romanesco/Romano) (spoken roughly in today's Metropolitan City of Rome Capital)
                                  • Central-Northern Lazian
                                • Sabino (Sabino) (spoken in the Province of Rieti and L'Aquila)
                                  • Aquilano (also known as Cicolano-Reatino-Aquilano)
                                  • Arseolano/Sublacense
                                  • Tagliacozzano
                                • Umbrian (Romance Umbrian) (spoken in Umbria)
                                  • Northern Umbrian
                                  • Viterbese/Tuscia dialect (Tuscia, northern part of Latium)
                                  • Southern Umbrian
                                • Marchegian (Marchigiano Proper) (Marchigià) (spoken in the central part of Marche)
                                  • Maceratese-Fermano
                                  • Anconitano
                              • Southern Italian (Southern-Far Southern Italian)
                                • Neapolitan (Southern Italian) (Napulitano – ’O Nnapulitano)
                                • Sicilian (Siculo-Calabrian) (Far Southern Italian) (Sicilianu/Lu Sicilianu)
                                  • Sicilian proper (Sicilianu/Lu Sicilianu)
                                    • Western Sicilian (Palermitano in Palermo, Trapanese in Trapani, Central-Western Agrigentino in Agrigento)
                                    • Central Metafonetic (in the central part of Sicily that includes some areas of the provinces of Caltanissetta, Messina, Enna, Palermo and Agrigento)
                                    • Southeast Metafonetic (in the Province of Ragusa and the adjoining area within the Province of Syracuse)
                                    • Ennese (in the Province of Enna)
                                    • Eastern Non-Metafonetic (in the area including the Metropolitan City of Catania, the second largest city in Sicily, as Catanese, and the adjoining area within the Province of Syracuse)
                                    • Messinese (in the Metropolitan City of Messina, the third largest city in Sicily)
                                    • Eoliano (in the Aeolian Islands)
                                    • Pantesco (on the island of Pantelleria)
                                  • Southern Calabrian
                                    • Reggino (in the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria, especially on the Scilla–Bova line, and excluding the areas of Locri and Rosarno which represent the first isogloss which divide Sicilian from the continental varieties)
                                  • Salentino (spoken in Salento) (Salentinu)
                              • Old Tuscan (extinct) (Etruscan substrate)
                                • Tuscan (Toscano) (Etruscan substrate)
                                  • Northern Tuscan
                                    • Florentine (Fiorentino) (basis of Modern Standard Italian but not identical, Standard Italian is much more latinized) (the main dialect of Florence, Chianti and the Mugello region, also spoken in Prato and along the river Arno as far as the city of Fucecchio)
                                      • Pistoiese (spoken in the city of Pistoia and nearest zones, some linguists include this dialect in Fiorentino)
                                    • Lucchese (spoken in Lucca and nearby hills: Lucchesia)
                                    • Versiliese (spoken in the historical area of Versilia)
                                    • Viareggino (spoken in Viareggio and vicinity)
                                    • Pisano-Livornese (spoken in Pisa, in Livorno, and the vicinity, and along the coast from Livorno to Cecina)
                                  • Southern Tuscan
                                    • Aretino-Chianaiolo (spoken in Arezzo and the Valdichiana)
                                    • Senese (spoken in the city and Province of Siena)
                                    • Grossetano (spoken in Grosseto and along the southern coast)
                                    • Elbano (spoken on the island of Elba)
                                • Corsican (Corsu/Lingua Corsa) (Paleo-Corsican substrate)
                                  • Northern Corsican
                                    • Capraiese (in Capraia Island)
                                    • Cismontano Capocorsino
                                    • Cismontano
                                      • Northern Cismontano
                                      • Southern Cismontano
                                    • Transitional Cismontano-Oltramontano
                                    • Oltramontano
                                  • Southern Corsican
                                    • Oltramontano Sartenese
                                  • Corsican-Sardinian (Corsican origin languages with strong Sardinian substrate)
                                    • Gallurese (Gadduresu) (divergent enough from Corsican to be considered a separate language, although closely related to it)
                                      • Castellanese
                                    • Sassarese (Sassaresu/Turritanu) (divergent enough from Corsican to be considered a separate language, although closely related to it, has a stronger Sardinian substrate)
                              • Venetian (Romance Venetian) (Vèneto/Łéngoa vèneta)
                              • Italkian (Judeo-Italian) (ג'יודו-איטאליאנו – Giudeo-Italiano/איטלקית – 'Italqit)
                                • Judeo-Roman (Giudeo-Romanesco) (from Rome)
                                • Bagitto (Giudeo-Livornese) (from Livorno)
                                • Judeo-Florentine (Giudeo-Fiorentino, Iodiesco) (from Florence)
                                • Judeo-Reggian (Giudeo-Reggiano) (from the region of Reggio Emilia in Emilia-Romagna)
                                • Judeo-Modenan (Giudeo-Modenese) (from Modena)
                                • Judeo-Ferraran (Giudeo-Ferrarese) (from Ferrara)
                                • Judeo-Mantuan (Giudeo-Mantovano) (from Mantua)
                                • Judeo-Venetian (Giudeo-Veneziano) (from Venice)
                                • Judaeo-Piedmontese (Giudeo-Piemontese) (from the region of Piedmont) (extinct)
                        • Illyro-Roman/Dalmatian (Transitional Western-Eastern Romance)
                      • Western Romance languages (dialect continuum)
                        • Gallo-Hispanic/Gallo-Iberian
                          • Gallo-Romance languages (dialect continuum)
                            • Gallo-Italic (Cisalpine Romance)
                              • Emilian-Romagnol (Emiliân-Rumagnôl/Langua Emiglièna-Rumagnôla)
                                • Romagnol (Rumagnôl)
                                  • Southern Romagnol (North Marchigiano Romagnol) Pesaro-Urbino Romagnol
                                    • San Marino Romagnol (Sammarinese)
                                  • Northern Romagnol
                                • Emilian (Emigliân)
                                  • Bolognese (spoken in the Metropolitan City of Bologna and in around Castelfranco Emilia, Modena)
                                  • Ferrarese (spoken in the Province of Ferrara, southern Veneto, and Comacchio)
                                  • Modenese (spoken in the Province of Modena, although Bolognese is more widespread in the Castelfranco area. In the northern part of the province of Modena, the lowlands around the town of Mirandola, a Mirandolese sub-dialect of Modenese is spoken)
                                  • Reggiano (spoken in the Province of Reggio Emilia, although the northern parts, such as Guastalla, Luzzara and Reggiolo, of the province are not part of this group and closer to Mantovano)
                                  • Parmigiano (spoken in the Province of Parma. Those from the area refer to the Parmigiano spoken outside of Parma as Arioso or Parmense, although today's urban and rural dialects are so mixed that only a few speak the original. The language spoken in Casalmaggiore in the Province of Cremona to the north of Parma is closely related to Parmigiano)
                                  • Piacentino (spoken west of the River Taro in the Province of Piacenza and on the border with the province of Parma. The variants of Piacentino are strongly influenced by Lombard, Piedmontese, and Ligurian)
                                  • Carrarese (spoken in Carrara)
                                  • Lunigiano (spoken in Lunigiana, in almost all of the Province of Massa and Carrara in northwestern Tuscany, and a good portion of the Province of La Spezia in eastern Liguria)
                                  • Massese (mixed with some Tuscan features)
                                  • Casalasco (spoken in Cremona, Lombardy)
                              • Transitional Emilian-Lombard
                                • Lombard-Emilian
                                  • Mantuan (Mantovano) (spoken in all but the very north of the Province of Mantua in Lombardy. It has a strong Lombard influence)
                                  • Vogherese (Pavese-Vogherese) (spoken in the Province of Pavia in Lombardy, it is closely related phonetically and morphologically to Piacentino, it is also akin to Tortonese)
                              • Lombard (Romance Lombard) (Lombard/Lumbaart) (Italo-Roman people of today's Northern Italy, who called their own language simply as "Latin" or "Roman"/"Romance", later adopted the adjective "Lombard" – "Lombard"/"Lumbaart" for the language based on the name of most of their ruling elite – the Lombards, a Germanic people that conquered most of the ancient Roman province called Gallia Cisalpina, most of today's Northern Italy and after that most of Italy, and founded the Lombard Kingdom)
                                • Eastern Lombard (Lombard)
                                  • Northern Cremonese (in northern Cremona Province)
                                  • Bressano (in Brescia Province)
                                  • Bergamasco (in Bergamo Province)
                                  • Western Trentino (in west Trentino, west Trento Province)
                                • Western Lombard (Lombard/Lumbaart)
                                  • Milanese/Meneghin (Macromilanese)
                                  • Brianzöö (Lombardo-prealpino occidentale – macromilanese)
                                    • Monzese
                                  • Bustocco-Legnanese
                                  • Comasco-Lecchese (Lombardo-prealpino occidentale)
                                    • Comasco
                                    • Laghée
                                    • Intelvese
                                    • Vallassinese
                                    • Lecchese
                                    • Valsassinese
                                  • Varesino/Bosin (Lombardo-Prealpino Occidentale)
                                  • Ticinese (Lombardo Alpino)
                                    • Ossolano
                                  • Alpine Lombard (Lombardo alpino, strong influence from Eastern Lombard language)
                                    • Valtellinese
                                    • Chiavennasco
                                  • Southwestern Lombard (Basso-Lombardo Occidentale)
                                    • Pavese (strong influence from Emiliano-Romagnolo language)
                                    • Lodigiano
                                    • Nuaresat (Lombardo-Prealpino Occidentale – Macromilanese)
                                    • Cremunéez (strong influence from Emiliano-Romagnolo language)
                              • Transitional Lombard-Piemontese
                                • Novarese (Nuaresat) (Lombardo-Prealpino Occidentale – Macromilanese)
                              • Piedmontese (Piemontèis)
                                • Eastern Piemontese
                                • Western Piemontese
                                  • Torinese-Cuneese
                                  • Canavesano
                              • Ligurian (Romance Ligurian) (Ligure/Lengua Ligure/Zeneize)
                              • Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
                              • Gallo-Italic of Sicily
                            • Gallo-Rhaetian
                              • Rhaeto-Romance
                                • Friulian/Friulan ( Furlan/Lenghe Furlane/Marilenghe) (spoken by the Friulians in Friuli, Northeastern Italy)
                                  • Northern
                                  • Central
                                  • Southeastern
                                  • Western
                                • Ladin (Ladin/Lingaz Ladin)
                                  • Trentinian Group of the Sella (Moenat, Brach, and Cazet) (spoken in Fassa Valley)
                                  • Agordino Group of the Sella (Agordo and Valle del Biois, Fodom, Rocchesano)
                                  • Athesian Group of the Sella (Gherdëina, Badiot and Maró)
                                  • Ampezzan Group (spoken in Cortina d'Ampezzo – Anpezo)
                                  • Cadorino Group (spoken in Cadore and Comelico)
                                  • Låger/Nortades Group
                                  • Fornes dialects
                                  • Nones and Solandro Group (spoken in Western Trentino, in Non Valley, Val di Sole, Val di Peio, Val di Rabbi, and part of Val Rendena)
                                • Romansh (Rumantsch/Rumàntsch/Romauntsch/Romontsch)
                                  • Tuatschin
                                  • Sursilvan
                                  • Sutsilvan
                                  • Surmiran
                                  • Putèr
                                  • Vallader
                                  • Jauer
                              • Oïl (Northern Gallo-Romance) (Langues d'Oïl) (dialect continuum) (Gallo-Roman people of today's Northern France, who called their own language simply as "Latin" or "Roman"/"Romans" or even "Langue d'Oïl", later adopted the adjective "French" – "François"/"Français" for the language based on the name of most of their ruling elite – the Franks, a Germanic people that conquered most of the ancient Roman province called Gallia and founded the Frankish Empire)
                                • Southeast Oïl (transitional between Gallo-Italic and North Gallo-Romance (Oïl) and also South Gallo-Romance (Oc), although closer to the North Gallo-Romance (Oïl) languages) (archaic North Gallo-Romance language, with some features transitional to South Gallo-Romance language – Occitan) (dialect continuum)
                                  • Arpitan (Arpetan/Francoprovençâl/Patouès) (Arpetan name is derived from the name of the Alps in the language – Arpes)
                                    • Piedmont Valleys Arpitan
                                    • Valdôtain (Arpitan of Aosta Valley)
                                    • Savoyard
                                    • Vaudois
                                    • Dauphinois
                                    • Lyonnais
                                    • Jurassien (Southern Franc-Comtois)
                                    • Faetar-Cellese (Arpitan of Apulia) (Faetar-Cigliàje) (an Arpitan enclave in the south of the Italian Peninsula
                                • Old French (Franceis/François/Romanz) (extinct) (Gallo-Roman people of today's Northern France, who called their own language simply as "Latin" or "Roman"/"Romance" or even "Langue d'Oïl", later adopted the adjective "French" – "François"/"Français" for the language based on the name of most of their ruling elite – the Franks, a Germanic people that conquered most of the ancient Roman province called Gallia and founded the Frankish Empire)
                                  • Middle French (François/Franceis)
                                    • Burgundian (Oïl Burgundian/Burgundian Gallo-Romance)
                                      • Burgundian-Morvandeau (Bregognon)
                                        • Burgundian proper
                                        • Morvandeau
                                        • Brionnais-Charolais
                                      • Frainc-Comtois/Jurassien (Frainc-Comtou/Jurassien)
                                    • Central Oïl
                                    • East Oïl
                                      • Champenois (Champaignat)
                                        • Western Champenois
                                        • Eastern Champenois
                                      • Lorrain (Lorrain/Gaumais)
                                        • Central Lorrain
                                        • Western Lorrain
                                        • Eastern Lorrain
                                    • Armorican (Western Oïl)
                                    • Frankish (Northern Oïl)
                                      • Northwest Oïl (archaic North Gallo-Romance language, less palatalization in comparison with Central, Eastern and Western Oïl languages) (north of Joret line)
                                      • North Oïl
                                        • Picard (Picard/Chti/Chtimi/Rouchi/Roubaignot) (archaic North Gallo-Romance language, less palatalization in comparison with Central, Eastern and Western Oïl languages) (north of Joret line)
                                          • Amiénois
                                          • Vimeu-Ponthieu
                                          • Vermandois
                                          • Thiérache
                                          • Beauvaisis
                                          • "Chtimi" (Bassin Minier, Lille)
                                          • Lille (Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing, Mouscron, Comines) (Roubaignot)
                                          • "Rouchi" – Tournaisis (Valenciennois)
                                          • Borain
                                          • Artésien Rural
                                          • Boulonnais
                                        • Walloon (Walon) (although it is closely related to Picard and a North Oïl language, it is south of Joret line)
                                          • Western Waloon/Wallo-Picard (Walo-Picård) – the dialect closest to French proper and with a strong Picard influence, spoken in Charleroi (Tchårlerwè), Nivelles (Nivele), and Philippeville (Flipvile)
                                          • Central Waloon/Namurois (Walon do Mitan) – spoken in Namur (Nameur), the Wallon capital, and the cities of Wavre (Åve) and Dinant
                                          • Eastern Waloon/Liégeois (Walon do Levant) – in many respects the most conservative and idiosyncratic of the dialects, spoken in Liège (Lidje), Verviers (Vervî), Malmedy (Måmdi), Huy (Hu), and Waremme (Wareme)
                                          • Southern Waloon/Wallo-Lorrain (Walon Nonnrece) – close to the Lorrain and to a lesser extent Champenois languages, spoken in Bastogne, Marche-en-Famenne (Måtche-el-Fåmene), and Neufchâteau (Li Tchestea), all in the Ardennes region.
                                    • Poitevin-Saintongeais (Southwest Oïl) (South Gallo-Romance Occitan substrate)
                                      • Poitevin (Poetevin)
                                      • Saintongeais (Saintonjhais)
                                    • Zarphatic (Judaeo-French) (צרפתית – Tzarfatit) (from Zarpha = Tzarfa, Jewish name for France) (extinct)
                              • Moselle Romance (extinct)
                        • British Romance (?) (language of the Romano-Britons or Romanised Britons) (extinct)
                          • Occitan-Hispanic (Occitan-Ibero-Romance) (Southern Gallo-Romance – Hispano-Romance) (dialect continuum)
                            • Occitan (Southern Gallo-Romance) (Langues d'Oc) (dialect continuum)
                              • Old Occitan/Old Provençal (Proensals/Proençal/Romans/Lenga d'Òc/Lemosin) (extinct)
                                • Occitan (Occitan/Lenga d'Òc/Lemosin/Provençal)
                                  • Arverno-Mediterranean
                                    • Eastern
                                      • Provençal (Provençau (classical norm)/Prouvençau (mistralian norm))
                                        • Niçard/Nissart (in the lower County of Nice)
                                        • Maritime (Maritim/Centrau/Mediterranèu)
                                        • Rhodanien (Rodanenc)
                                          • Shuadit (Judaeo-Provençal/Judaeo-Occitan) (Chouadit) (שואדית – Shuadit) (in Comtat Venaissin) (extinct)
                                      • Vivaro-Alpine (Alpine Provençal, Gavòt) (Vivaroalpenc/Vivaroaupenc)
                                        • Eastern
                                          • Alpine
                                            • Cisalpine/Eastern Alpine (Cisalpenc/Alpenc Oriental) (in the Occitan Valleys, which are located in Italy – Piedmont and Liguria)
                                            • Gavot (Gavòt) (in the western Occitan Alps, which are located in southeast France)
                                        • Guardiol (Calabria Provençal) (Gardiòl)
                                        • Western
                                          • Vivaro-Dauphinois (Vivarodaufinenc)
                                    • Western
                                      • Auvergnat (Auvernhat)
                                        • Southern Auvergnat
                                        • Northern Auvergnat
                                          • Croissant Auvergnat (Bourbonnais d'Oc) (some features are transitional between Oc and Oïl languages)
                                      • Limousin (Lemosin)
                                        • Croissant Limousin (some features are transitional between Oc and Oïl languages)
                                  • Central Occitan
                                    • Lengadocian (Northern-Central) (Lengadocian/Lenga d'Oc)
                              • Aquitano-Pyrenean (Transitional Southern Gallo Romance – Hispano-Romance) (dialect continuum)
                                • Gascon (Romance Gascon) (Gasco) (Aquitanian/Proto-Basque substrate that differentiate it from the other Occitan dialect continuum)
                                  • Lowland Gascon
                                    • East Gascon
                                    • West Gascon
                                  • Highland Gascon/Pyrenean Gascon
                                    • East Pyrenean Gascon
                                      • Aranese (Aranés)
                                    • Central Pyrenean Gascon
                                    • Western Pyrenean Gascon/Bearnese
                                • Southern Lengadocian (Transitional Gascon-Lengadocian-Catalan)
                                  • Toulousien (Tolosenc)
                                • East Iberian Romance (more related to the Occitan dialect continuum, has an Iberian substrate, that also contributes to differentiate it from the other Hispano-Romance languages that are called "Iberian Romance", although, except for, partially, Aragonese, they do not have an Iberian substrate but rather a Hispano-Celtic, Lusitanian or a Tartessian one) (it is a true Iberian Romance language by its Pre-Romance substrate language – Iberian, that in the Pre-Roman past was roughly spoken in the Catalan language area – the east coastal region of Iberian Peninsula)
                            • Iberian Romance languages (Hispano-Romance) (dialect continuum) (although they are called "Iberian Romance", because of originally being spoken in the Iberian Peninsula, except for, partially, Aragonese, they do not have an Iberian substrate but rather a Hispano-Celtic, Lusitanian or a Tartessian one)
                              • Transitional East-West Hispano-Romance/Ibero-Romance (Pyrenean-Mozarabic/Pyrenean-Andalusi Romance/Navarro-Aragonese – Andalusi Romance) (inaccurately called "Pyrenean")
                                • Navarro-Aragonese/Middle Ebro Romance (early form of Aragonese that originated in the middle Ebro Basin, in the Ebro plains, including La Rioja, and then expanded north, towards the Pyrenean Mountains, and south, towards Iberian Mountains) (although today it is only spoken in the central Pyrenean Mountains, in High Aragon/Upper Aragon, originally it was not spoken there and it was a later arrival in those mountains) (Celtiberian, Iberian and Basque substrates; influenced by Andalusi Romance and Basque) (extinct)
                                  • Old Riojan (roughly in the original area where the Romance language called "Navarro-Aragonese" originated) (extinct) (people shifted to a Riojan Castilian variety with a Navarro-Aragonese substrate)
                                  • Romance Navarrese (Basque substrate) (not to be confused with the Upper Navarrese and Low Navarrese/Navarro-Lapurdian dialects of Basque that is a language isolate and not an Indo-European language) (it was spoken in southern Navarre – in the south of the old Kingdom of Navarre) (extinct) (replaced by a form of Castilian Spanish with a Romance Navarrese substrate)
                                  • Aragonese (Aragonés/Luenga Aragonesa/Fabla Aragonesa) (at the present time it is only spoken in Upper Aragon/High Aragon or Northern Aragon, however, in the past, until late 17th and 18th centuries, Aragonese was spoken in a much wider land area including almost all of Aragon, except for La Franja, Southern Navarre, parts of Rioja and parts of inland Valencia Region)
                                    • Central Aragonese (roughly in the original area where the Romance language called "Navarro-Aragonese" originated) (extinct) (people shifted to an Aragonese Castilian variety with an Aragonese substrate)
                                      • Eastern Aragonese (extinct)
                                      • Western Aragonese (extinct)
                                        • Zaragozan Aragonese (extinct)
                                    • Northern Aragonese/Upper Aragonese (only surviving dialect group of Aragonese, today is synonymous with the whole language) (Aragonese Proper/Aragonese Middle Ebro Romance)
                                      • Eastern Northern Aragonese
                                      • Central Northern Aragonese
                                      • Western Northern Aragonese
                                      • Southern Northern Aragonese
                                    • Southern Aragonese (extinct) (people shifted to an Aragonese Castilian variety with an Aragonese substrate)
                                      • Inland Central Valencian
                                    • Judaeo-Aragonese (Chodigo-Aragonés) (extinct)
                                • Andalusi Romance (inaccurately called "Mozarabic") (لتن – לטן – Latino) (extinct) (uncertain classification within Hispano-Romance/Ibero-Romance or even Western Romance, it had isoglosses and other language features in common with both Eastern and Western Hispano-Romance languages and also with both Western Romance and Italo-Dalmatian, it had the characteristics of a conservative language but also had language innovations) (it had several similarities with Aragonese, however the classification of both languages under the name "Pyrenean" is inaccurate because both languages did not originate in the Pyreneans Mountains but in more southerner regions of the Iberian Peninsula) (a Romance and not an Arabic language, not to be confused with Andalusi Arabic, although both languages were, more or less, spoken in the same territorial area and interacted) (dialect continuum) (it was the vernacular language of many Hispanic Christians, of Hispano-Roman origin, and Sephardic Jews that lived under Muslim rule as Dhimmis in Al-Andalus where people of Arabic origin or Arabized people were the ruling elite, and also was the vernacular language of many Muslim converts of Hispano-Roman origin)
                                  • Sevillian Andalusi Romance
                                  • Cordoban Andalusi Romance
                                  • Tolledan Andalusi Romance
                                  • Valencian Andalusi Romance
                                  • Other dialects
                              • Western Iberian Romance/Western Hispano-Romance) (dialect continuum) (although they are called "Iberian Romance", or more accurately West Iberian Romance, because of being in the Iberian Peninsula, they do not have an Iberian substrate but rather a Hispano-Celtic, Lusitanian or a Tartessian one)
                                • Castilian (dialect continuum)
                                  • Old Castilian (Romance Castellano) (extinct)
                                    • Spanish/Castilian (Español/Castellano/Lengua Española/Lengua Castellana) (dialect continuum)
                                      • Peninsular Spanish/Spanish of Spain (European Spanish, Spanish of Europe)
                                        • Castilian Spanish (basis of Modern Standard European Spanish but not identical)
                                          • Northern Castilian
                                            • Castilian Proper (Castilian Core – regions of original Castilian language)
                                              • Old Castile Castilian (roughly in Old Castile)
                                                • Eastern Old Castilian (includes the dialects of Burgos and Soria provinces)
                                                  • Burgalese (Burgalés) (in Burgos Province)
                                                  • Sorian (Soriano) (in Soria Province)
                                                • Western Old Castilian (includes the dialects of Segovia and Ávila provinces and later expanded towards Valladolid and Palencia provinces)
                                                  • Segovian (Segoviano) (in Segovia Province)
                                                  • Avilese (Avilés) (in Ávila Province)
                                              • Northern New Castille Castillian (roughly in Northern New Castille) (includes the dialects of Guadalajara and Cuenca Province)
                                                • Guadalajaran (Guadalajareño) (in Western Guadalajara Province)
                                                • Alcarrian (Alcarreño) (in Southwestern Guadalajara Province)
                                                • Serrano Castilian (Castellano-Serrano) (in Eastern Guadalajara and Northern Cuenca Province)
                                            • Far-Northern Castilian
                                              • Northwestern Castilian or Cantabrian Castilian (not to be confused with Romance Cantabrian, also called by its traditional name "Montañés", from La Montaña = Cantabria) (Romance Cantabrian substrate and influence) (roughly in Santander Province)
                                              • Transitional Northwest-Northeast Castillian (Miranda de Ebro is the main centre)
                                              • Northeastern Castilian (in old territory of the Autrigones, Caristii and Varduli tribes) (Basque adstrate influence) (mainly in Álava Province but also in western Bizkaia)
                                            • Far-Eastern Leonese Castilian
                                              • Palencian (Palenciano) (in Palencia Province)
                                              • Valliseletan (Valliseletano) (in most of Valladolid Province)
                                              • Southwestern Valliseletan (Valliseletano Suroccidental) (in Southwest Valladolid Province)
                                              • Salmantine (Salmantino) (in most of Salamanca Province but not in the Northwest)
                                            • Transitional Leonese Castilian
                                            • Leonese Castilian (not to be confused with Leonese dialects of Astur-Leonese) (Astur-Leonese substrate and influence)
                                              • León Leonese Castillian (in León city and territory)
                                            • Asturian Castilian (Castilian spoken by Asturians) (not to be confused with Astur-Leonese)
                                            • Galician Castilian (Castrapo) (Castilian spoken by Galicians) (not to be confused with Galician) (strong Galician substrate and influence)
                                            • Rioja Castilian (Riojano) (roughly in Rioja) (Navarro-Aragonese substrate)
                                              • Western Riojan''
                                              • Central Riojan
                                              • Eastern Riojan
                                            • Navarre Castilian (South Navarre) (not to be confused with Navarro-Aragonese or with Upper Navarrese dialect of Basque) (Navarro-Aragonese and Basque substrate and influence)
                                            • Basque Castilian (Castilian spoken by Basques) (not to be confused with Basque)
                                            • Aragonese Castilian (not to be confused with Aragonese language) (Aragonese substrate and influence)
                                              • Southwestern Aragonese Castilian
                                              • Southern Aragonese Castilian (Churro)
                                              • Far-Southern Aragonese Castilian (Enguerino)
                                              • Central Aragonese Castilian
                                                • Zaragozano (in Zaragoza city and territory)
                                              • Northwestern-Northern Aragonese Castilian
                                            • Catalan Castilian (Castilian spoken by Catalans) (not to be confused with Catalan) (strong Catalan substrate and influence)
                                              • Catalan Castilian Proper
                                              • Balearic Castilian
                                              • Valencian Castilian
                                          • Central-Southern Castilian
                                            • Central Castilian (broad sense) (Southern Castilian in narrow sense) (Transitional Northern-Southern Castilian)
                                              • Castilian proper
                                                • Southern New Castile Castilian (roughly in Southern New Castille)
                                                  • Madrid Castilian (Madrileño) (in Madrid city and region, present-day capital of Spain)
                                                  • Transitional Madridian-Manchego
                                                  • Manchego Castilian (Manchego) (La Mancha Castilian)
                                                    • Western Manchego
                                                    • Central Manchego
                                                      • Toledan Castilian (Toledano) (in Toledo city and territory)
                                                    • Eastern Manchego
                                              • Murcian
                                                • Central Murcian (Panocho)
                                                • Southern Murcian
                                                  • Cartageno (in Cartagena city and territory)
                                                • Southeastern Murcian
                                                • Southwestern Murcian
                                                • Northwestern Murcian
                                                • Northern Murcian
                                                • Northeastern Murcian
                                              • Eastern Andalusian
                                                • Upper Eastern Andalusian
                                                • Low Eastern Andalusian
                                                • Transitional Granadine (Eastern and Western Andalusian transitional dialect) (in central and southern Granada Province)
                                            • Southern Castilian (broad sense) (Andalusian-Canarian) (strongly influenced Spanish American Spanish)
                                              • Andalusian (Western)
                                                • Seseo
                                                  • Mainland Seseo
                                                    • Sierra Morena Southern Slope Seseo (in the southern slopes of Sierra Morena, in parts of northwestern Jaen Province, Spain, and northern Córdoba, northern Seville and northern Huelva Provinces, Andalusia)
                                                    • Cordobese (Cordobés) (in Córdoba city and most of Córdoba Province)
                                                    • Sevillian (Sevillano) (in Seville city and outskirts but not in most of Seville Province where a Ceceo type dialect is spoken)
                                                  • Canarian (in the Canary Islands)
                                                • Ceceo
                                                  • Seville Province Ceceo (in Seville Province, but not in the capital Seville itself)
                                                  • Onubese (Onubense) (in southern Huelva Province)
                                                  • Gaditan (Gaditano) (in Cádiz Province)
                                                  • Malagueño (in most of Málaga Province)
                                      • American Spanish/Hispanic American Spanish (Spanish of the Americas)
                                        • Caribbean Spanish
                                        • Mexican Spanish
                                          • Coastal Mexican
                                            • Central and Southern Gulf of Mexico Mexican Coast
                                            • Southern Mexican Pacific Coast
                                          • Central Mexican
                                            • Southern Central
                                            • Core Central (Altiplano)
                                            • Lowlands Central (Bajío)
                                            • Western Central
                                          • Northern Mexican
                                            • Eastern Northern
                                            • Western Northern
                                            • Peninsular Californian Northern (in most of Baja California)
                                          • Yucateco (Eastern Mexican)
                                          • Southwestern United States Mexican
                                        • New Mexican Spanish (an old Latin American Spanish dialect with its own features, not confuse with the more recent Southwestern United States Mexican)
                                        • Central American Spanish
                                          • Chiapas Spanish (Chiapaneco)
                                          • Guatemalan Spanish
                                          • Belizean Spanish
                                          • Salvadoran Spanish
                                          • Honduran Spanish
                                          • Nicaraguan Spanish
                                          • Costa Rican Spanish
                                        • Andean Spanish/Andean-Pacific Spanish
                                          • Venezuelan Andean (Tachirense)
                                          • Colombian Andean (main basis of Colombian Spanish)
                                            • Northwestern Colombian Andean/Paisa (Antioqueño) (includes Medellin)
                                            • Eastern Colombian Andean
                                              • Cundiboyá (includes Bogotá)
                                            • Central Colombian Andean
                                            • Southwest Colombian Andean (includes Cali)
                                          • Ecuadorian Spanish
                                            • Chocoan (in the Pacific Coast of Colombia)
                                            • Tumaquian (in the Pacific Coast of Colombia)
                                            • Lowlands/Western Ecuadorian Spanish
                                              • Esmeraldan
                                              • Manabita
                                              • Guayaquilian/Guayacan
                                            • Highland Ecuadorian Spanish/Andean Ecuadorian Spanish
                                              • Central (Quitoan)
                                              • Southern (Riobambanian)
                                              • Cuencan
                                              • Lojan
                                          • Peruvian Spanish
                                            • Peruvian Ribereño Spanish/Peruvian Coastal Spanish/Peruvian Coast Spanish
                                            • Andean-Coastal Spanish/Neolimeño (mixed features of both Peruvian Coast Spanish and Andean Peruvian Spanish)
                                            • Andean Peruvian Spanish/Highland Peruvian
                                          • Bolivian Spanish
                                            • Andean Bolivian/Highland Bolivian/Western Bolivian
                                            • Valluno
                                            • Vallegrandino
                                            • Camba/Lowland Bolivian/Eastern Bolivian/Media Luna Bolivian
                                            • Chapaco
                                        • Amazonic Spanish/Jungle Spanish/Loreto-Ucayali Spanish (most divergent of the Spanish American Spanish groups of dialects, could be a separate but closely related language to Spanish/Castilian)
                                          • Peruvian Amazonic
                                          • Colombian Amazonic Spanish
                                          • Llanero Spanish
                                            • Llanero/Plateau Colombian Spanish
                                            • Llanero/Plateau Venezuelan Spanish
                                          • Venezuelan Amazonic Spanish/South-East Venezuelan Spanish
                                        • Southern Cone Spanish
                                          • Chilean Spanish
                                            • Araucanian Chilean Spanish (Chilote)
                                            • Patagonian Chilean Spanish
                                          • Argentinian Spanish-Uruguayan Spanish
                                          • Transitional Argentinian-Paraguayan Spanish
                                            • Northeastern Argentinian Spanish/Guarani Argentinian Spanish (Paraguayan Spanish and Guarani influence)
                                          • Paraguayan Spanish (strong Guarani substrate and influence)
                                      • Philippine Spanish (has a greater affinity to American Spanish, especially Mexican Spanish, rather than to Peninsular Spanish/European Spanish)
                                      • Maghrebi Spanish/North Africa Spanish
                                        • Saharan Spanish
                                      • Sub-Saharan Africa Spanish
                                    • Castilian Extremaduran (Southern-Central Extremaduran)/Castúo (in the historical Leonese Extremadura) (Extremaduran substrate) (until late 17th century and middle 18th century, before heavy Castilianization, Central and Southern Extremaduran dialects were closer to Northern Extremaduran and were part of an old dialect continuum transitional between Castilian to the east and Astur-Leonese to the west)
                                      • Central Extremaduran
                                      • Southern Extremaduran
                                    • Ladino/Judaeo-Spanish (לאדינו – Ladino/גﬞודﬞיאו־איספאנייול – Djudeo-Espanyol/Judeoespañol) (not to be confused with Latino, the Andalusi Romance self name or autonym) (originally it was the vernacular language of many Sephardic Jews in the kingdoms of today's Northern Spain, later the language expanded towards south, along Christian Reconquista, where many Sephardic Jews spoke Andalusi Romance as vernacular language)
                                      • Spain dialects (before the expulsion of Jews from Spain)
                                      • Out of Spain dialects (after the expulsion of Jews from Spain)
                                        • Western Ladino/Western Judeo-Spanish
                                        • Eastern Ladino/Eastern Judeo-Spanish
                                          • South-Eastern (traditionally it was spoken in Salonica, Macedonia, Greece) and in Istanbul, Turkey
                                          • North-Eastern
                                          • North-Western (traditionally it was spoken in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Hercegovina)
                                • Transitional Castilian - Astur-Leonese (Romance Cantabrian–Estremaduran) (an old dialect continuum and isoglosses severed by the expansion of Castilian towards west)
                                  • Cantabrian (Romance Cantabrian) (Cántabru/Montañés) (not to be confused with Celtic Cantabrian, a Hispano-Celtic dialect)
                                    • Eastern Cantabrian
                                    • Central Cantabrian (Pasiego-Montañés)
                                      • Pasiego (Passiegu)
                                      • Montañés
                                    • Western Cantabrian
                                  • Far-Eastern Leonese (Leonese of Palencia-Valladolid-Salamanca) (extinct) (in the past it was spoken in most of Palencia, Valladolid and Salamanca provinces but there people shifted to a Leonese Castilian variety)
                                  • Old Extremaduran (extinct)
                                    • Old Northern Extremaduran (Artu Estremeñu) (extinct)
                                    • Old Central Extremaduran (Meyu Estremeñu) (extinct) (replaced by a Castilian based variety)
                                    • Old Southern Extremaduran (Bahu Estremeñu) (extinct) (replaced by a Castilian based variety)
                                • Astur-Leonese (Asturian-Leonese dialect continuum) (transitional features between Cantabrian and Castilian to the east and Galician and Portuguese to the west)
                                  • Old Astur-Leonese (extinct)
                                    • Astur-Leonese (Asturllionés/Astur-Llionés/Llengua Astur-Llionesa) (at the present time it is spoken in Asturias and Northwestern León, however, in the past, until late 17th and 18th centuries, it was spoken in a wider area, including almost all of Leon region) (Astur-Leonese dialects have eastern, central and western dialect strips from north towards south with Asturian and Leonese subdialects or variants, although there is no clear linguistic division between both because the east, central and west dialect strips have more importance than an Asturian regarding Leonese or vice versa distinction)
                                      • Eastern Astur-Leonese
                                        • Asturian dialects
                                        • Leonese dialects (Llionés)
                                          • Arribeiro (in La Ribera de Salamanca or Las Arribes, northwest Vitigudino Comarca, Northwest Salamanca Province) (severed from the Eastern Astur-Leonese dialects from the north by the Castilian expansion towards west)
                                      • Central Astur-Leonese
                                        • Asturian dialects
                                        • Leonese dialects (in the past it included León, but there people shifted to a Leonese Castilian variety, Leonese substrate)
                                          • Leonese Proper (once spoken in León city and territory) (extinct)
                                          • Sayagüés (in Sayago Comarca, southwestern Zamora Province)
                                      • Western Astur-Leonese
                                        • Asturian dialects
                                          • A Zone
                                          • B Zone
                                          • C Zone
                                          • D Zone
                                          • Brañas Vaqueiras dialect
                                        • Leonese dialects
                                • Galician-Portuguese (dialect continuum)
                                  • Galician-Portuguese (Old Galician-Old Portuguese) (extinct)
                                    • Galician (Galego/Lingua Galega) (closely related to Portuguese)
                                      • Eastern Galician
                                        • Eonavian/Galician-Asturian) (Asturias Galician/Asturian Area of Galician) (Eonaviego/Galego-Asturiano) (some features are transitional to Astur-Leonese)
                                        • Ancares Eastern Galician
                                        • Central Western Eastern Galician
                                        • As Portelas Eastern Galician (in the west of Sanabria comarca – "A Seabra" in Galician, Northwest Zamora Province) ("As Portelas" means "The Small Ports", "The Small Land Ports"; Port = Passage)
                                      • Central Galician (Northern Coastal Galicia and inland central Galicia of the Miño and Sil valleys)
                                        • Mindoniensis Central Galician
                                        • Central Transitional Area
                                        • Lucu-Auriensis Central Galician
                                        • Eastern Transitional Area
                                      • Western Galician (Rias Galegas region – Rias Altas and Rias Baixas)
                                        • Bergantiños Western Galician
                                        • Finisterra Western Galician
                                        • Pontevedra Western Galician
                                        • Lower Limia Western Galician (Lobios municipality) (Lower Limia regarding Galicia, regarding Limia river total course, most it is in Portugal, it is Upper Limia)
                                      • Fala/Fala de Xálima/Xalimego ( Lagarteiru (in Eljas), Manhegu/Mañegu (in San Martín de Trevejo) and Valverdeiru (in Valverde del Fresno) (no common self name or autonym for the language) (closely related to Galician and to Portuguese but closer to Galician, although bordering Portuguese to the west, it is Galician-like, a related language enclave to Galician more than two hundred kilometers to the south) (in far northwestern Extremadura, southern slopes and valleys of Xálima/Jálama Mountain)
                                    • Portuguese (Português/Língua Portuguesa) (closely related to Galician)
                                      • European Portuguese (Portuguese of Portugal)
                                        • Northern (some features are transitional to Galician) (a typical feature of the Northern Portuguese dialects is that they have betacism, i.e. they don't distinguish between b [b or β] and v [v] phonemes, i.e v [v] phoneme is absent)
                                          • Alto Minhoto-Transmontano
                                            • Alto Minhoto (geographically in Minho Province but more closely related to the Transmontano dialect)
                                            • Transmontano (in Trás-os-Montes Province)
                                          • Baixo Minhoto-Duriense-Alto Beirão
                                            • Central-Baixo Minhoto
                                              • Central Minhoto (transitional between Alto and Baixo Minhoto but more closely related to Baixo Minhoto)
                                            • Baixo Minhoto-Duriense
                                              • Baixo Minhoto (in most of Minho Province)
                                              • Duriense (includes Douro Litoral Province and Far Southwestern corner of Trás-os-Montes Province)
                                                • Oporto/Porto dialect
                                            • Alto-Beirão (Inland Northern Central) (in Beira Alta Province)
                                              • Viseu District dialect
                                              • Guarda District dialect (more features in common with Northern dialects but in the phonetics distinguishes between b [b] and v [v] phonemes, a typical feature of the Central and Southern dialects)
                                        • Central-Southern (a typical feature of the Central and Southern Portuguese dialects is that in the phonetics they don't have betacism, i.e. they distinguish between b [b] and v [v] phonemes, i.e. v [v] phoneme is clearly pronounced)
                                          • Coastal Central (Extremaduran Portuguese) (Português Estremenho) (Transitional Northern-Southern) (basis of Modern Standard European Portuguese but not identical) (although in the 20th century a province in the Central Coastal Lowlands region was called Beira Litoral, i.e. Litoral/Coastal Beira, older and traditional Beira Province was an inland province in the Highlands, while all Central Coastal Lowlands region of Mainland Portugal was the province of Estremadura until the 18th century) ("Beira" name means edge, slope, mountain slope, or border, with the specific meaning of "Mountainous Borderland" or "Edge Borderland") (until the 14th century the broad or colective name for all the portuguese territories south of Douro river was "Extremadura", i.e. "Far Border Land", the name derives from "Extrema", "Extremada" – extreme in the sense of extreme borderland, far borderland) (this name is cognate and has equivalents with the Leonese, Castilian and Aragonese Extremaduras, that were also old Borderlands at the beginning of the Christian Reconquista) (therefore "Estremadura" and "Beira" names had the meaning of "Borderland" in the context of the Christian Reconquista)
                                            • Northern Coastal Central (more features in common with Central and Southern dialects, but in the phonetics, some areas, mainly in Aveiro county, don't distinguish between b [b] and v [v] phonemes, i.e. they don't have v [v] phoneme, a typical feature of the Northern dialects)
                                              • Coimbra dialect
                                            • Southern Coastal Central (Standard European Portuguese is mainly based on this dialect)
                                              • Leiria District dialect
                                              • Inland Lisbon District dialect
                                                • Lisbon dialect (early Lisbon dialect, Lisboeta, was only spoken in Lisbon itself and was an enclave, however today it is spoken in Lisbon metropolitan area, and is a very widespread dialect, many dialects are under pressure and being replaced by the standard language that closely resembles Lisbon dialect)
                                          • Inland Southern Central (Beira-Baixa-Far Northern Alto-Alentejo) (a divergent group of Portuguese dialects in phonetics and some vocabulary, it forms its own dialectal group) (its more typical phonetic feature is the presence of the vowels ö [ø] and ü [y], phonemes that don't exist in the other Portuguese dialects or other Iberian Romance/Hispano Romance languages and dialects but are a typical common feature of the Gallo-Romance languages and dialects; several placenames/toponyms in Beira Baixa, roughly Castelo Branco County, and Far North Alto Alentejo, North Portalegre County, such as Proença, Old Occitan name of Provence, Ródão, from Rodano, a name for Rhodanus river, Tolosa, Occitan name of Toulouse, seem to testify an old Gallo-Romance presence of speakers in enclaves, they were assimilated to Galician-Portuguese but left a phonetic influence in the dialect of this region;[8] in the 13th century, speakers of this dialect group also settled in Western Algarve, at the end of the Portuguese Reconquista; in the 15th and 16th centuries, speakers of this dialect group, mixed with speakers of other dialectal groups, settled in several islands of the Archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira)[8] (declining and extinct in many municipalities where it was spoken)
                                            • Baixo-Beirão – Far Northern Alto-Alentejo
                                              • Baixo-Beirão (in Beira Baixa Province)
                                                • Northern Baixo-Beirão (has some features of Northern Portuguese dialects in the consonants but not in the vowels)
                                                • Southern Baixo-Beirão (South Castelo Branco District)
                                              • Far Northern Alto-Alentejo (South of Tagus river, geographically in Alentejo but closely related to the Beira Baixa dialect and not to the Alentejo dialect)
                                            • Far Western Algarvian (geographically in the Algarve but is more related to the Beira Baixa dialect and not to the Algarvian dialect, it is an Inland Southern Central dialect enclave in Far Southwestern Mainland Portugal) (has the ü [y] phoneme but doesn't have the ö [ø] phoneme)
                                          • Southern
                                            • Southern Portuguese Extremaduran-Ribatejano
                                              • Southern Portuguese Extremaduran (traditionally in most of the Coastal Lisbon County, except for Lisbon itself, today is declining, being replaced by Lisbon Proper dialect in the Lisbon metropolitan area)
                                              • Ribatejano (along Tagus River banks) (in Ribatejo Province) ("Ribatejo – Riba Tejo" name means "Tagus Banks", from "Riba" – River Bank and "Tejo" – the Tagus river)
                                            • Setubalense (in the Setubal Peninsula) (its more typical phonetic feature is that it doesn't distinguish between trilled r [r] and guttural r [ʁ] i.e. r is always pronounced as guttural r [ʁ]) (overlaps and under pressure of the modern Lisbon metropolitan area dialect)
                                            • Alentejano (its more typical phonetic feature is the pronunciation of more open vowels than in Standard European Portuguese, final vowel e [e] is generally pronounced as i [i] or the [i] vowel is added after a final consonant where Standard European Portuguese doesn't have a final vowel after a consonant, and has a distinct prosody) (in South Alto Alentejo and Baixo Alentejo Provinces) ("Alentejo – Além Tejo" name means "Beyond Tagus")
                                            • Algarvian (closely related to Alentejano) (in the Algarve Province)
                                        • Islander (Geographical Grouping and not a Linguistic Genealogical one) (a divergent group of Portuguese dialects in phonetics and some vocabulary, several linguistic archaisms from Middle Portuguese when the islands were settled)[9] (Azores and Madeira didn't had native Pre-European peoples)
                                          • Azorean (nine dialects in the nine islands of the Azores Archipelago, it's not only a single dialect)
                                            • Mariense (Santa Maria Island dialect)
                                            • Micaelense (São Miguel Island dialect) (its more typical phonetic feature is the presence of the vowels ö [ø] and ü [y] in its phonemes, a common phonetic feature with Inland Southern Central dialects, mainly Baixo Beirão dialect, and with the more distant Gallo-Romance languages and dialects, it has more vowels than Standard European Portuguese and several long vowels, and it has a "French-like" prosody)[8]
                                            • Terceirense (Terceira Island dialect) (its more typical phonetic feature is the presence of the semivowels [j] and [w] before a vowel in many words where Standard European Portuguese only has one vowel and a "singing-like" prosody)[10]
                                            • Graciosense (Graciosa Island dialect)
                                            • Jorgense (São Jorge Island dialect)
                                            • Picoense (Pico Island dialect)
                                            • Faialense (Faial Island dialect) (Faial island dialect is closer to Standard European Portuguese than the dialects of other islands, initial Flemish settlers, that spoke the germanic Flemish dialect of Dutch, some years later were rapidly surpassed and assimilated by a big majority of Portuguese settlers that came from Coastal Central Portugal, whose dialect is the basis of European Standard Portuguese, and did not influenced Faial Island dialect)
                                            • Florentino (Flores Island dialect)
                                            • Corvino (Corvo Island dialect)
                                          • Madeiran (two dialects in the two islands of Madeira Archipelago, it's not only a single dialect)
                                            • Portosantense (Porto Santo Island dialect)
                                            • Madeirense (Madeira Island dialect) (its more typical phonetic feature is the pronunciation of the vowels u [u] and i [i], in many cases, as a Schwa [ə] or as [ɐ], where Micaelense and Baixo-Beirão dialects have ü [y] and the palatalization of l [l] to [λ] before i [i])
                                      • American Portuguese/Portuguese of South America (not synonymous with Brazilian Portuguese, there is also a specific and native Uruguayan Portuguese that is not a simple dialect of Brazilian Portuguese)
                                        • Brazilian Portuguese (Portuguese of Brazil)/American Portuguese
                                          • Northern/Broad Northern (one of its earlier centers, in the 16th century, was Salvador da Bahia)
                                            • Bahian
                                              • Salvador da Bahia dialect (Soteropolitano)
                                            • Northeast
                                              • Eastern Northeast
                                              • Western Northeast
                                                • Cearense/Northern Coast
                                            • Amazonian/Northern Proper (sometimes also called Northern Brazilian)
                                          • Transitional Northern-Southern (Mixed Northern-Southern Portuguese Brazilian)
                                            • Amazonic Range (Serra Amazônica)/Deforestation Arc (Arco do Desflorestamento)
                                          • Southern/Broad Southern (one of its earlier centers, in the 16th century, was São Vicente, in the western half of the island with the same name, closely offshore of São Paulo State coast, in the eastern half of the island is Santos city)
                                            • Fluminense (Broad Rio de Janeiro, in the Rio de Janeiro State)
                                              • Rio de Janeiro dialect (Carioca)
                                              • Espiritosantense/Goitacá (in Espírito Santo State)
                                            • Mineiro (in central Minas Gerais State)
                                              • Belo Horizonte dialect
                                            • Brasiliense (in Brasilia, Brazil capital)
                                            • Sulista Lato Próprio (Broad Southern Proper)
                                              • São Paulo dialect (Paulistano) (São Paulo City Proper dialect)
                                              • Broad Paulista (Caipira)
                                                • Sertanejo/Southern Sertanejo (Sertanejo do Sul)
                                              • Southerner Proper (Sulista Próprio)/Gaúcho (sometimes Gaúcho is used as synonym of all Southern Proper Brazilian dialects)
                                                • Florianopolitano (Manezês) (in Santa Catarina State Coast) (stronger influences from European Portuguese, mainly from Azorean settlers and colonists of the 18th century)
                                              • Gaúcho/Narrow Gaúcho (Gaúcho Estrito) (in all the Rio Grande do Sul State or just the South of Rio Grande do Sul State along northern border of Uruguay)
                                        • Uruguayan Portuguese/Fronteiriço (not a simple dialect of Brazilian Portuguese) (not confuse with Portunhol/Portuñol that is a mixed language)
                                      • African Portuguese
                                      • India Portuguese
                                      • China Portuguese
                                      • East Timorese Portuguese
                                      • Minderico (Piação do Ninhou/Piação dos Charales do Ninhou) (originally was a Portuguese-based Cryptolect) (spoken in Minde; Ninhou in Minderico)
                                      • Judaeo-Portuguese (Judeu-Português) (it was the vernacular language of Sephardi Jews in Portugal before the 16th century) (extinct)
                    • Eastern Romance languages
                  • Southern Romance (Insular Romance + African Romance – several archaic features in vocabulary and phonetics) (another alternative classification of the main Romance languages groups is the Western vs. Eastern Romance languages split by the La Spezia-Rimini Line)
                    • Insular Romance (dialect continuum)
                      • Old Corsican (speakers shifted to a Toscan language in the 13th and 14th centuries) (extinct)
                      • Sardinian (Sardu/Lìngua Sarda/Limba Sarda) (Paleo-Sardinian substrate)
                        • Logudorese-Nuorese
                          • Logudurese
                            • Central (Common) Logudorese
                            • Northern Logudorese
                          • Nuorese
                        • Campidanese
                          • Arborense (Arborensi)
                          • Ogliastrino (Ollastrinu)
                          • Guspinese (Guspinesu)
                          • Villacidrese (Biddexidresu)
                          • Cagliaritano (Casteddaiu)
                          • Meridionale
                    • African Romance (extinct)

Tocharian languages (Agni-Kuči languages) (all extinct)

Tocharian languages A (blue), B (red) and C (green) in the Tarim Basin.[11] Tarim oasis towns are given as listed in the Book of Han (c. 2nd century BC). The areas of the squares are proportional to population.
  • Proto-Agni-Kuči ("Proto-Tocharian")
    • North-Tocharian (it was originally spoken in many areas of the Tarim Basin and Turpan Depression) (the languages are inaccurately called "Tocharian" which is a misnomer because "Tocharian" was a name synonymous of Bactrian, an Iranian language, although the name "Tocharian" was originally given to a nomadic Indo-European people and their language that settled in Bactria and may have been the same people which the Chinese called Yuezhi and were later called Kushans, possibly also an Iranian people)
      • Agnean (Tocharian A) (also called Turfanian, East Tocharian) (Agni/Ārśi) (its main centres were Agni, in today's Yanqi or Karasahr, in the Yanqi Hui Autonomous County, and Turpan)
      • Kuchean (Tocharian B) (also called West Tocharian) (Kuśiññe/Kučiññe) (its main centre was Kucha or Kuqa)
    • South Tocharian
      • Kroränian (Tocharian C) (also called Krorainic, Lolanisch or South Tocharian) (its main centre was Kroraina, today's Loulan)

Unclassified Indo-European languages (all extinct)

Indo-European languages whose relationship to other languages in the family is unclear

  • Armeno-Phrygian?
    • Brygo-Phrygian
      • Brygian (part of or closely related to Phrygian language and possibly also related to Greek, Phrygian speakers that stayed in Northern Greece, Southern Illyria and Southern Thrace)
      • Phrygian (may have been more closely related to Greek, also a possible ancestor of Armenian, East Phrygians or Mysians (Eastern Mushki) may have spoken a language that was Proto-Armenian, ancestor of Armenian)
    • Moesian-Mysian?
      • Moesian (possibly related to Mysian and to Dacian, related to Brygian, spoken by the Bryges, and Phrygian)
      • Mysian? – possibly related to Moesian, an Anatolian/Asia Minor branch of Moesian, and to Dacian, related to Phrygian with an Anatolian substrate closer to Lydian) (also may have been an Anatolian Indo-European language). Mysians may have been the same as the Mushki (western and eastern branches) and their language also, if that was the case, then their language may have been related to or an ancestor of Proto-Armenian (Eastern Mushki may have been identical with Proto-Armenian).
      • Mushkian
        • Western Mushkian (identical with Mysian?)
        • Eastern Mushkian (identical with Proto-Armenian?)
    • Mygdonian? (language of the Mygdonians)
    • Paionian (possibly related to Phrygian, Thracian, Illyrian, or Anatolian)
  • Belgic/Ancient Belgian (part of Celtic, related to Celtic, Italic, or part of the Nordwestblock) (possibly part of an older Pre-Celtic Indo-European branch)
  • Cimmerian (possibly related to Thracian or Iranian)
  • Dardanian (Illyrian, Dacian, mixed Thracian-Illyrian or a transitional Thracian-Illyrian language)
  • East Central Asia Indo-European (is a Geographical grouping, not genealogical) (they may have been Iranian languages)
    • Asinean/Ossinean-Wusunean (may have been two different variant names for the same language and people)
      • Assinean / Ossinean (Ancient language of the steppe, spoken by the Asii) (Assinean or Ossinean and Wusunean may have been two different variant names for the same language and people)
      • Wusunean (it was spoken by the Wusun, *ʔɑ-suən in Eastern Han Chinese, an ancient Indo-European speaking people, in the Qilian Mountains and Dunhuang, Gansu, near the Yuezhi or in Dunhong, in the Tian Shan) (may have been the same people that was called by the names Issedones and Asii, *ʔɑ-suən in Eastern Han Chinese, and they possibly were an Iranian people or spoke an Indo-European Satem type language)
    • Gushiean-Yuezhiean (may have been two different variant names for the same language and people which for some time dwelt in several regions of modern eastern Xinjiang and western Gansu)
      • Gushiean (Language of an obscure ancient people on the Turpan Basin, known as the Gushi or Jushi of the Gushi or Jushi Kingdom. It eventually diverged into two dialects, as noted by diplomats from the Han empire) (it may have been an Iranian language, of the Indo-European Satem type, which overlapped with or replaced the "Tocharian A" language, of the Indo-European Centum type)
        • Nearer Gushiean / Anterior Gushiean, in the Turpan Basin southern area
        • Further Gushiean / Posterior Gushiean, in the Turpan Basin northern area
      • Yuezhiean (it was spoken by the Yuezhi, an ancient Indo-European speaking people, in the western areas of the modern Chinese province of Gansu, during the 1st millennium BC, or in Dunhong, in the Tian Shan, later they migrated westward and southward into south Central Asia, in contact and conflict with the Sogdians and Bactrians, and they possibly were the people called by the name Tocharians, which was possibly an Iranian speaking people not to be confused with another people misnamed as "Tocharians")
        • Greater-Yuezhiean (Dà Yuèzhī – 大月氏) (dialect ancestral to the hypothetical Kushanite language spoken in Kushana). Possibly this language was spoken by an Iranian people, the Iranian Tocharians (not to be confused with the peoples called "Tocharians" in a misnomer), or spoke an Indo-European Satem type language like the Iranian languages) (possibly they were the ancestors of the Kushans)
        • Lesser-Yuezhiean (Xiǎo Yuèzhī – 小月氏)
  • Ligurian language (ancient) (possibly related to Italic or Celtic)
  • Lusitanian (part of Celtic, related to Celtic, Ligurian, Italic, Nordwestblock, or his own branch) (possibly part of an older Pre-Celtic Indo-European branch)
  • Paleo-Balkan languages (is a Geographical grouping, not genealogical)
    • Daco-Thracian
      • Geto-Dacian
        • Dacian (possibly related to Thracian)
        • Getaean Language (Transitional Thracian Dacian language spoken by the Getae)
      • Moesian Language (Dialect of Dacian possibly spoken by the Moesi or a language related to Mysian)?
      • Thracian (possibly related to Dacian)
    • Illyrian-Messapian
  • Venetic-Liburnian (either Italic or closely related to Italic)

Possible Indo-European languages (all extinct)

Unclassified languages that may have been Indo-European or members of other language families (?)

  • Cypro-Minoan
  • Elymian
  • Eteocypriot
  • Minoan
    • Eteocretan
  • Paleo-Corsican
  • Paleo-Sardinian
  • Tartessian (part of Celtic, Pre-Celtic Indo-European, Anatolian, a divergent branch of Indo-European or an Indo-European related language family?)
  • Yanghainese (Language of the Yanghai Tomb Culture, left a substrate in Gushiean, ~800 BCE)

See also

  • List of Pidgins, Creoles, Mixed languages and Cants based on Indo-European languages

References

  1. ^ a b "Ethnologue report for Indo-European". Ethnologue.com.
  2. ^ Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Higham, Tom; Chivall, David; Lynnerup, Niels; Harvig, Lise; Baron, Justyna; Casa, Philippe Della; Dąbrowski, Paweł; Duffy, Paul R.; Ebel, Alexander V.; Epimakhov, Andrey; Frei, Karin; Furmanek, Mirosław; Gralak, Tomasz; Gromov, Andrey; Gronkiewicz, Stanisław; Grupe, Gisela; Hajdu, Tamás; et al. (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507. S2CID 4399103.
  3. ^ a b Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World, Princeton University Press
  4. ^ Roger D. Woodard (2008), "Greek dialects", in: The Ancient Languages of Europe, ed. R. D. Woodard, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 51.
  5. ^ Dawkins, R.M. 1916. Modern Greek in Asia Minor. A study of dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  6. ^ "Ancient Macedonian". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  7. ^ Bereznay, András (2011). Erdély történetének atlasza [Atlas of the History of Transylvania] (in Hungarian). Méry Ratio. p. 63. ISBN 978-80-89286-45-4.
  8. ^ a b c DIAS, Felisberto Luís Ferreira. (1998). “Origens do Português Micaelense. Abordagem diacrónica do sistema vocálico” in A Voz Popular. Ponta Delgada: Universidade dos Açores
  9. ^ BARCELOS, João Maria Soares de. (2008) Dicionário de falares dos Açores, vocabulário regional de todas as ilhas.
  10. ^ MIKOŁAJCZAK, Sylwia. (2014). "Características fonéticas do Português da Ilha Terceira" in Studia Iberystyczne.
  11. ^ Mallory & Mair (2000), pp. 67, 68, 274.

External links

This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia® - the free encyclopedia created and edited by its online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of Wikipedia® encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information, please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.

Copyright © 2003-2025 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer
All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.