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Natural gallium (31Ga) consists of a mixture of two stable isotopes: gallium-69 and gallium-71. The most commercially important radioisotopes are gallium-67 and gallium-68.
Gallium-67 (half-life 3.3 days) is a gamma-emitting isotope (the gamma emitted immediately after electron-capture) used in standard nuclear medical imaging, in procedures usually referred to as gallium scans. It is usually used as the free ion, Ga3+. It is the longest-lived radioisotope of gallium.
The shorter-lived gallium-68 (half-life 68 minutes) is a positron-emitting isotope generated in very small quantities from germanium-68 in gallium-68 generators or in much greater quantities by proton bombardment of 68Zn in low-energy medical cyclotrons,[2] for use in a small minority of diagnostic PET scans. For this use, it is usually attached as a tracer to a carrier molecule, which gives the resulting radiopharmaceutical a different tissue-uptake specificity from the ionic 67Ga radioisotope normally used in standard gallium scans.
List of isotopes
| Nuclide [n 1] | Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da) [n 2][n 3] | Half-life | Decay mode [n 4] | Daughter isotope [n 5] | Spin and parity [n 6][n 7] | Natural abundance (mole fraction) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excitation energy | Normal proportion | Range of variation | |||||||
| 56Ga | 31 | 25 | 55.99491(28)# | p | 55Zn | 3+# | |||
| 57Ga | 31 | 26 | 56.98293(28)# | p | 56Zn | 1/2−# | |||
| 58Ga | 31 | 27 | 57.97425(23)# | p | 57Zn | 2+# | |||
| 59Ga | 31 | 28 | 58.96337(18)# | p | 58Zn | 3/2−# | |||
| 60Ga | 31 | 29 | 59.95706(12)# | 70(10) ms | β+ | 60Zn | (2+) | ||
| 61Ga | 31 | 30 | 60.94945(6) | 168(3) ms | β+ | 61Zn | 3/2− | ||
| 62Ga | 31 | 31 | 61.944175(30) | 116.18(4) ms | β+ | 62Zn | 0+ | ||
| 63Ga | 31 | 32 | 62.9392942(14) | 32.4(5) s | β+ | 63Zn | (3/2−) | ||
| 64Ga | 31 | 33 | 63.9368387(22) | 2.627(12) min | β+ | 64Zn | 0(+#) | ||
| 64mGa | 42.85(8) keV | 21.9(7) μs | 2+ | ||||||
| 65Ga | 31 | 34 | 64.9327348(9) | 15.2(2) min | β+ | 65Zn | 3/2− | ||
| 66Ga | 31 | 35 | 65.931589(3) | 9.49(7) h | β+ | 66Zn | 0+ | ||
| 67Ga[n 8] | 31 | 36 | 66.9282017(14) | 3.2612(6) d | EC | 67Zn | 3/2− | ||
| 68Ga[n 9] | 31 | 37 | 67.9279801(16) | 67.71(9) min | β+ | 68Zn | 1+ | ||
| 69Ga | 31 | 38 | 68.9255736(13) | Stable | 3/2− | 0.60108(9) | |||
| 70Ga | 31 | 39 | 69.9260220(13) | 21.14(3) min | β− (99.59) | 70Ge | 1+ | ||
| EC (0.41%) | 70Zn | ||||||||
| 71Ga | 31 | 40 | 70.9247013(11) | Stable | 3/2− | 0.39892(9) | |||
| 72Ga | 31 | 41 | 71.9263663(11) | 14.095(3) h | β− | 72Ge | 3- | ||
| 72mGa | 119.66(5) keV | 39.68(13) ms | IT | 72Ga | (0+) | ||||
| 73Ga | 31 | 42 | 72.9251747(18) | 4.86(3) h | β− | 73Ge | 3/2− | ||
| 74Ga | 31 | 43 | 73.926946(4) | 8.12(12) min | β− | 74Ge | (3-) | ||
| 74mGa | 59.571(14) keV | 9.5(10) s | (0) | ||||||
| 75Ga | 31 | 44 | 74.9265002(26) | 126(2) s | β− | 75Ge | (3/2)− | ||
| 76Ga | 31 | 45 | 75.9288276(21) | 32.6(6) s | β− | 76Ge | (2+,3+) | ||
| 77Ga | 31 | 46 | 76.9291543(26) | 13.2(2) s | β− | 77Ge | (3/2−) | ||
| 78Ga | 31 | 47 | 77.9316082(26) | 5.09(5) s | β− | 78Ge | (3+) | ||
| 79Ga | 31 | 48 | 78.93289(11) | 2.847(3) s | β− (99.911%) | 79mGe | (3/2−)# | ||
| β−, n (.089%) | 78Ge | ||||||||
| 80Ga | 31 | 49 | 79.93652(13) | 1.697(11) s | β− (99.11%) | 80Ge | (3) | ||
| β−, n (.89%) | 79Ge | ||||||||
| 81Ga | 31 | 50 | 80.93775(21) | 1.217(5) s | β− (88.11%) | 81mGe | (5/2−) | ||
| β−, n (11.89%) | 80Ge | ||||||||
| 82Ga | 31 | 51 | 81.94299(32)# | 0.599(2) s | β− (78.5%) | 82Ge | (1,2,3) | ||
| β−, n (21.5%) | 81Ge | ||||||||
| 83Ga | 31 | 52 | 82.94698(32)# | 308(1) ms | β− (60%) | 83Ge | 3/2−# | ||
| β−, n (40%) | 82Ge | ||||||||
| 84Ga | 31 | 53 | 83.95265(43)# | 0.085(10) s | β−, n (70%) | 83Ge | |||
| β− (30%) | 84Ge | ||||||||
| 85Ga | 31 | 54 | 84.95700(54)# | 50# ms [>300 ns] | 3/2−# | ||||
| 86Ga | 31 | 55 | 85.96312(86)# | 30# ms [>300 ns] | |||||
- ^ mGa – Excited nuclear isomer.
- ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
- ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
- ^ Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture IT: Isomeric transition n: Neutron emission p: Proton emission - ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
- ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
- ^ # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
- ^ Deexcitation gamma used in medical imaging
- ^ Medically useful radioisotope
- Commercially available materials may have been subjected to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation. Substantial deviations from the given mass and composition can occur.
Gallium-67
Gallium-68
References
- ^ Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
- ^ Kumlin, J; Dam, J; Langkjaer, N; Chua, C.J.; Borjian, S.; Kassaian, A; Hook, B; Zeisler, S; Schaffer, P; Helge, Thisgaard (October 2019). "Multi-Curie Production of Ga-68 on a Biomedical Cyclotron". Conference: EANM'19. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
- Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. Lay summary.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.