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The Ii antigen system is a human blood group system based upon a gene on chromosome 6 and consisting of the I antigen and the i antigen.[1] The I antigen is normally present on the cell membrane of red blood cells in all adults, while the i antigen is present in fetuses and newborns.[2]
I and i antigens
Adult red blood cells express I antigen abundantly.[3] Developing fetuses and newborns express i antigen until around 13-20 months after birth, when I antigen starts to be expressed instead.[3] Like ABH antigens, which make up the ABO blood group, I and i antigens are not restricted to the red blood cell membrane, but are found on most human cells and in body fluids such as saliva.[1]
The I and i antigens are carbohydrate structures composed of repeating units of N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc), and are located on the interior of structures carrying ABH and Lewis antigens.[1][3] LacNAc repeats are made by the enzymes B3GNT1 and B4GALT1.[4] The i antigen is made of linear repeats, while the structure of the I antigen is branched.[3] Unlike most other blood groups, the two antigens are not encoded by different alleles; rather, I-branching enzyme converts i antigen to I antigen by adding branches.[2][5] The gene encoding I-branching enzyme is located on chromosome 6.[5]
There are rare variants of the i antigen caused by genetic mutations, including i1 in white people and i2 mostly in black people.[2]
Clinical significance
The function of I and i antigens are unknown but may be related to hematopoiesis, the production of blood.[5] The rapid conversion from i to I antigens after birth suggests that I antigen plays an important role in adult red blood cells.[3] The presence of the linear i antigen in fetuses, rather than the branched I antigen, may have developed as an evolutionary mechanism to prevent ABO hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn.[1] Enhanced expression of i antigen is associated with conditions involving stress hematopoiesis such as leukemia and sickle cell disease.[6]
Transient autoantibodies against I antigen are common, especially after infection by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and are rarely significant except in cold agglutinin disease.[1] Transient antibodies against i antigen are common after infectious mononucleosis and are also not clinically significant.[2] Antibodies which recognize both I and i antigens are termed anti-j antibodies.[1]
Cold agglutinin disease
The autoantibodies involved in cold agglutinin disease are usually against I antigen.[2] The antibodies are usually IgM (kappa subtype), unlike transient autoantibodies which are generally IgG.[1] Cold-reactive IgM antibodies (cold agglutinins) bind to I antigen on red blood cells, and unlike IgG, are able to cause agglutination of red blood cells and activate complement to cause hemolysis, leading to anemia.[1][2]
Adult i phenotype
Rarely, individuals have the i antigen on their red blood cells into adulthood, known as the adult i phenotype.[1] This is due to the presence of a mutation in the GCNT2 gene which encodes the I-branching enzyme.[1][3] These individuals have alloantibodies against the I antigen, though these are typically cold agglutinins and are unlikely to cause transfusion reactions.[2][7]
The adult i phenotype is associated with congenital cataracts, most markedly in Japanese and Taiwanese people and least markedly in white people.[1][5] Cataracts occur when i antigen rather than I antigen is present on the epithelium of the lens, due to a mutation in the form of the I-branching enzyme which is expressed in lens epithelium, IGNTB.[8]
The adult i phenotype is inherited in a recessive manner.[1]
History
The I antigen was first described in 1956 and the i antigen was discovered in 1960.[1] I and i were the first discovered antigens which change significantly during human development.[4] The letter I was chosen to reflect the "individuality" of a person studied who lacked the I antigen.[5]
Other species
A similar blood group system with a developmental change resembling the Ii system (with human neonatal cells expressing i antigen and adult cells expressing I antigen) has been observed in most primates, including chimpanzees and monkeys.[1] This is not seen in non-primates: cats, dogs, or guinea pigs.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "I and i Antigens, and Cold Agglutination", Human Blood Groups, Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 469–484, 2013-01-28, doi:10.1002/9781118493595.ch25, ISBN 978-1-118-49359-5, archived from the original on 2021-01-29, retrieved 2021-01-27
- ^ a b c d e f g "Ii blood group system | biology". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2020-11-28. Retrieved 2021-01-27.
- ^ a b c d e f Yu, Lung-Chih; Lin, Marie (November 2011). "Molecular genetics of the blood group I system and the regulation of I antigen expression during erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis:". Current Opinion in Hematology. 18 (6): 421–426. doi:10.1097/MOH.0b013e32834baae9. ISSN 1065-6251. Archived from the original on 2021-01-29. Retrieved 2021-01-27.
- ^ a b "OMIM Entry - # 110800 - BLOOD GROUP, I SYSTEM; Ii". www.omim.org. Retrieved 2021-01-31.
- ^ a b c d e Reid, M. E. (2004). "The gene encoding the I blood group antigen: review of an I for an eye" (PDF). Immunohematology. 20 (4): 249–252. ISSN 0894-203X. PMID 15679458.
- ^ Reid, Marion E.; Lomas-Francis, Christine; Olsson, Martin L. (2012), "Ii Blood Group Collection", The Blood Group Antigen FactsBook, Elsevier, pp. 651–653, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-415849-8.00037-5, ISBN 978-0-12-415849-8, archived from the original on 2021-01-29, retrieved 2021-01-27
- ^ Poole, Joyce; Daniels, Geoff (January 2007). "Blood Group Antibodies and Their Significance in Transfusion Medicine". Transfusion Medicine Reviews. 21 (1): 58–71. doi:10.1016/j.tmrv.2006.08.003. PMID 17174221.
- ^ "OMIM Entry - * 600429 - GLUCOSAMINYL (N-ACETYL) TRANSFERASE 2, I-BRANCHING ENZYME; GCNT2". www.omim.org. Retrieved 2021-01-31.