Gentlemen's club

The Reform Club, set up in the early 19th century in London

A gentlemen's club is a members-only private club of a type originally set up by and for British upper class men in the 18th century, and popularised by English upper-middle class men and women in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Today, some are more open about the gender and social status of members. Many countries outside the United Kingdom have prominent gentlemen's clubs.

History

A Club of Gentlemen by Joseph Highmore c. 1730

The original clubs were established in the West End of London. Today, the area of St James's is still sometimes called "clubland". Clubs took over the role occupied by coffee houses in 18th century London to some degree, and reached the height of their influence in the late 19th century. The first clubs, such as White's, Brooks's and Boodle's, were aristocratic in flavour, and provided an environment for gambling, which was illegal outside of members-only establishments.

The 19th century brought an explosion in the popularity of clubs, particularly around the decade of the 1880s. At their height, London had over 400 such establishments. This expansion can be explained in part by the large extensions of the franchise in the Reform Acts of 1832, 1867, and 1885. Each time, hundreds of thousands more men were qualified to vote, and it was common for them to feel that they had been elevated to the status of a gentleman, thus they sought a club. The existing clubs, with strict limits on membership numbers and long waiting lists, were generally wary of such newly-enfranchised potential members, and so these people began forming their own clubs. Each of the three great Reform Acts corresponded with a further expansion of clubs, as did a further extension of the franchise in 1918.

Many of these new, more 'inclusive' clubs proved just as reluctant as their forebears to admit new members when the franchise was further extended.

An increasing number of clubs were characterised by their members' interest in politics, literature, sport, art, automobiles, travel, particular countries, or some other pursuit. In other cases, the connection between the members was membership of the same branch of the armed forces, or the same school or university. Thus the growth of clubs provides an indicator as to what was considered a respectable part of the 'Establishment' at the time.

By the late 19th century, any man with a credible claim to the status of "gentleman" was eventually able to find a club willing to admit him, unless his character was objectionable in some way or he was "unclubbable" (incidentally, a word first used by Samuel Johnson).^[1] This came to include professionals who had to earn their income, such as doctors and lawyers.

Most gentlemen had only one club, which closely corresponded with the trade or social / political identity he felt most defined him, but a few people belonged to several. Members of the aristocracy and politicians were likely to have several clubs. The record number of memberships is believed to have been with Earl Mountbatten, who had nineteen in the 1960s.

Public entertainments, such as musical performances and the like, were not a feature of this sort of club. The clubs were, in effect, "second homes" in the centre of London where men could relax, mix with their friends, play parlour games, get a meal, and in some clubs stay overnight. Expatriates, when staying in England, could use their clubs, as the East India Club or the Oriental Club, as a base. They allowed upper- and upper-middle-class men with modest incomes to spend their time in grand surroundings. The richer clubs were built by the same architects as the finest country houses of the time, and had similar types of interiors. They were a convenient retreat for men who wished to get away from female relations. Many men spent much of their lives in their club, and it was common for young newly-graduated men who had moved to London for the first time to live at their club for two or three years before they could afford to rent a house or flat.

Women also set about establishing their own clubs in the late nineteenth century, such as the Ladies' Institute, and the Ladies' Athenaeum. They proved quite popular at the time, but only one, The University Women's Club, has survived to this day as a single-sex establishment.

Until the 1950s, clubs were also heavily regulated in the rooms open to non-members. Most clubs contained just one room where members could dine and entertain non-members; it was often assumed that one's entire social circle should be within the same club. Harold Macmillan was said to have taken "refuge in West End clubs ...: Pratt's, Athenaeum, Buck’s, Guards, the Beefsteak, the Turf, [and] the Carlton".^[2]

The class requirements relaxed gradually throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. From the 1970s onwards some single-sex clubs opened to both sexes as guests and as members, partly to maintain membership levels.

Current status

Although traditional gentlemen's clubs are no longer as popular or influential as they originally were, many have seen a significant resurgence in popularity and status in recent years. Some top clubs still maintain distinctions which are often undefined and rarely explained to those who do not satisfy their membership requirements. After reaching the top of a long waiting list, there is a possibility of being blackballed. In these circumstances, the proposer of such a person may be expected to resign, as he failed to withdraw his undesirable candidate. More often, the member who proposes an unsuitable candidate will be "spoken to" at a much earlier stage than this, and he will withdraw his candidate to avoid embarrassment for all concerned.

Today gentlemen's clubs exist throughout the world, predominantly in Commonwealth countries and the US. Many clubs offer reciprocal hospitality to other clubs' members when travelling abroad.

In Britain and particularly London, there is a continuum between the original gentlemen's clubs and the more modern but otherwise similar private members' clubs such the Groucho Club, Soho House and Home House. All offer similar facilities such as food, drink, comfortable surroundings, venue hire and in many cases accommodation. In recent years the advent of mobile working (using phone and email) has placed pressures on the traditional London clubs which frown on, and often ban, the use of mobiles and discourage laptops. A new breed of business-oriented private members' clubs, exemplified by One Alfred Place and Eight in London or the Gild in Barcelona, combines the style, food and drink of a contemporary private members' club with the business facilities of an office.

United Kingdom

There are perhaps some 25 traditional London gentlemen's clubs of particular note, from The Arts Club to White's. Many other estimable clubs (such as the yacht clubs) have a specific character which places them outside the mainstream, or may have sacrificed their individuality for the commercial interest of attracting enough members regardless of their common interests. (See article at club for a further discussion of these distinctions.) The oldest gentleman's club in London is White's, which was founded in 1693.^[3]

Discussion of trade or business is usually not allowed in traditional gentlemen's clubs, but increasingly politicians and businesspeople hire club premises for debates and conferences on current affairs. For example, the Commonwealth Club in London counts former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo, and former Australian Prime Minister John Howard as influential people who have spoken there. The use of such establishments for public discussion and debate is in its infancy, as many of the larger and more established clubs strictly enforce their rules on such matters.

Similar clubs exist in other large UK cities, such as New Club in Edinburgh, The St James's Club in Manchester, and the Ulster Reform Club in Belfast. The Liverpool Athenaeum was founded in 1797 by art collector and social reformer William Roscoe and friends, and contains a notable library of rare books^{[citation needed]}. The Clifton Club in Bristol was founded in 1818 and occupies an imposing building. St Paul's Club was formed in 1859 in Birmingham, the first in the Midlands. Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands, although outside the UK proper, each have their own The United Club, founded, respectively, in 1848 and in 1870.

United States

The Yale Club of New York City, the largest gentlemen's club in the world

Most major cities in the United States have at least one traditional gentlemen's club, many of which have reciprocal relationships with the older clubs in London, with each other, and with other gentlemen's clubs around the world. The oldest existing American clubs date to the 18th century; the four oldest are the South River Club in Annapolis, Maryland, founded c.1690/1700, the Schuylkill Fishing Company in Andalusia, Pennsylvania, founded in 1732, the Old Colony Club in Plymouth, Massachusetts, founded in 1769, and The Philadelphia Club, founded in 1834.^[3]

Today, notable clubs remain more prevalent in older cities, especially those on the East Coast. Twelve American cities have five or more existing clubs: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York City, Philadelphia, Portland, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington, D.C. New York City contains more than any other American city. The Yale Club of New York City, comprising a clubhouse of 22 stories and a worldwide membership of over 11,000, is the largest traditional gentlemen's club in the world.^[4]

Canada

Mount Royal Club, Montreal

At Montreal, the Beaver Club was founded in 1785 and some of its members continued their traditions by establishing the still extant Canada Club at London in 1810. The Montreal Hunt Club, founded in 1826, is the oldest extant fox hunting club in North America. Montreal's Golden Square Mile is home to the St. James' Club (1857), the Mount Royal Club (1899) and the University Club (1908). At the end of the nineteenth century, twenty of the most influential members of the St. James' felt that it was becoming 'too overcrowded' and founded the smaller Mount Royal that overnight became Montreal's most prestigious club.^[5] In 1918, Lord Birkenhead commented that the Mount Royal "is one of the best clubs I know in the New World, with the indefinable atmosphere about it of a good London club".^[6] Quebec City has the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec (1824) and the Garrison Club, that superseded the Stadacona Club (1860). The Garrison was founded by officers of the Canadian Militia and opened to the public in 1879. Toronto is home to The Toronto Club (1837), The National Club (1874), Albany Club (1882) and York Club (1909). The Halifax Club was founded in 1862. In 1908, the Frontenac Club was established at Kingston. The Rideau Club was founded in 1865 at Ottawa and the Manitoba Club is Western Canada's oldest club, founded in 1874 at Winnipeg. The Union Club of British Columbia^[7] was founded in 1879 in Victoria, British Columbia, and continues to have an active membership. On February 14, 1913 The Waterloo Club was created by letters patent, and still maintains a robust and diverse membership.

Australia

Australia has several gentlemen's clubs. Sydney has the Union, University & Schools Club and the Royal Automobile Club of Australia. Melbourne has the Melbourne Club, the Savage Club and the Athenaeum Club (named after its counterpart in London). The Australian Club exists a separate club in each of Sydney and Melbourne. Adelaide has the Adelaide Club and the Naval, Military and Air Force Club of South Australia. Brisbane has Tattersalls Club and the Brisbane Polo Club (housed in the heritage listed Naldham House in the centre of the central business district). Perth has the Weld Club and the WA Club. Canberra has the Commonwealth Club; Hobart, The Tasmania Club; Newcastle, the Newcastle Club. The Commonwealth Club, Canberra Club, Newcastle Club, Brisbane Polo Club, the Kelvin Club in Melbourne, and both Royal Automobile Clubs mentioned above allow women to enjoy full membership.

South Africa

South Africa is home to the Rand Club in downtown Johannesburg, the Cape Town Club and the Owl Club in Cape Town, the Durban Club in Durban, founded in 1852 and the Kimberley Club in Kimberley, founded in 1881.

South America

Lima-Peru: Lima have several traditional gentlemen clubs still in functions such as the National Club (1855; the oldest club in South America), The Union Club (1868), The Phoenix Club (1879), and the Bank and Commerce Club (1951).

Buenos Aires-Argentina: Jockey Club and Club Universitario de Buenos Aires (1918)

New Zealand

There are active gentlemen's clubs in Auckland, Hastings, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin.

Quirks of membership

Some clubs have highly specific membership requirements. For example, the Caledonian Club in London requires "being of direct Scottish descent, that is to say, tracing descent from a Scottish father or mother, grandfather or grandmother" or "having, in the opinion of the Committee, the closest association with Scotland." The Travellers Club, from its foundation in 1819, has excluded from membership anyone who has not met a very specific travelling requirement. Rule 6 of the club's constitution states that "no person be considered eligible to the Travellers' Club, who shall not have travelled out of the British islands to a distance of at least 500 miles from London in a direct line".^[8] The Yale Club is typical of university clubs: is open to all who have a connection with its university, in this case Yale University. The Reform Club requires its potential members to attest that they would have supported the 1832 Reform Act, whilst certain members of the East India Club must have attended one of its affiliated public schools. Clubs also require high membership fees, as well as the monetary requirements to meet dress code, bar tabs, dining bills, etc which keep membership exclusive to individuals with high wealth. ^[9]

References

^ Oxford English Dictionary Probably 1764
^ Mount, Ferdinand, "Too Obviously Cleverer", review of The Life of Harold Macmillan by D.R. Thorpe and The Macmillan Diaries Vol. II: Prime Minister and After 1957-66 ed. Peter Catterall, London Review of Books, 8 September 2011 (33:17). Retrieved 2011-09-08.
^ ^a ^b Whitaker's Almanack 2008. A&C Black. 2008. p. 649. ISBN 978-0-7136-8554-1.
^ Yale Club of New York City - About the Club
^ The Square Mile, Merchant Princes of Montreal (1987) by Donald MacKay
^ My American Visit (1918), Lord Birkenhead
^
^ Peter Cunningham, Hand-Book of London, 1850
^ Kendall, Diana (2008). Members Only: Elite Clubs and the Process of Exclusion. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 191. ISBN 9780742545563 Check |isbn= value (help).