Emigration from Colombia

Emigration from Colombia is a migratory phenomenon that started in the early 20th century.

Overview

Emigration from Colombia was determined mostly by security issues linked mainly to the Colombian armed conflict. From 1980-2000, emigration from Colombia was one of the largest in volume in Hispanic America. According to the 2005 Colombian census or DANE, about 3,331,107 Colombian citizens currently permanently reside outside of Colombia.^[1][2] Other estimates, however, suggest that the actual number could exceed 4 million, or almost 10 percent of the country's population.^[3] Approximately 1.2 million Colombians are believed to have left the country during 2000–5 and not returned.^[3]

In 2005, the population movement towards North America and Europe in particular has been motivated in some cases by the threat of violence but more typically by the search for greater economic opportunity.^[3] Due to the current sociopolitical situation in Colombia, emigration affects Colombians of all social standings and geographic zones. The highest rates of emigration have been registered in the main urban centers of the interior zone of the country: Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Bucaramanga, Pereira, Manizales, and Cúcuta.

Destinations

Until 2002, external migration was primarily to the United States, Venezuela, Spain and Ecuador.^[4] As of 2003, the estimated Colombian population in those countries was 2,020,000, 1,340,000, 240,000, and 193,000, respectively.^[4] Panama, Italy, the Netherlands, Germany and the United Kingdom also have significant (>20,000) populations of Colombian emigrants.^[4] In 2003, North America was the destination for 48 percent of Colombian emigrants; Hispanic America and the Caribbean, 40 percent; Europe, 11 percent; and Asia, Oceania, and Africa, 1 percent.^[3]

The Colombian diaspora refers to the mass movement of Colombian people who emigrated from the country in search of safety and/or a better quality of life. Many of those who moved were educated middle and upper middle-class Colombians; because of this, the Colombian diaspora can be referred to as a brain drain. Colombian officials state that this movement peaked in the year 2000 and that the most popular destinations for emigration include North America and Europe. In Europe, Spain has the largest Colombian community on the continent, followed by Italy and the United Kingdom. Many Colombians are also dispersed throughout the rest of Hispanic America. Mexico, Costa Rica, Peru and Chile received political refugees in the mid-to-late 20th century, and Colombian guest workers in the early 2000s. The Colombian diaspora can also refer to the large wave of Colombian artists who migrated seeking better opportunities and new, more lucrative markets.

Colombian restaurants and bakeries are important institutions for the Colombian diaspora. These eateries have popularized formerly regional dishes like the well-portioned Bandeja paisa among Colombians from all parts of the country.

Top Colombian diaspora populations

Regions with significant populations

Country	Population	Rank	Population [5]	Rank	Notes
United States	1,081,838[6]	1	753,847	2	For further information see Colombian Americans
Venezuela	721,791[7]	2	988,483	1
Spain	513,583[8]	3	350,802	3	Largest community outside the Americas. See Colombians in Spain
Chile	146,582 [9]	4	24,427	9
Canada	76,580[10]	5	70,405	5	For further information see Colombian Canadians
Panama	41,885 [11]	6	57,051	6
Ecuador	77,426 [12]	7	200,539	4
Italy	40,000 [13]	8	40,000[14]	8
Mexico	13,922	9	20,658	13	For further information see Colombian Mexicans
Argentina	13,876	10	8,963	18
France	100,000[15][16]	11
Sweden	12,865[17]	12	12,865	12	Second largest Latin American community after Chileans.
United Kingdom	12,331[18]	13	22,703	10	Second largest South American community after Brazilians. See Colombians in the United Kingdom
Costa Rica	11,500	14	21,400	12
Australia	11,318[19]	15	16,247	14	For further information see Colombian Australians
Israel	3,127[20]	16	2,693	25
Germany			22,190	11
Netherlands			15,455	15
Switzerland			12,394	16
Brazil			8,395	19
Norway			6,131	20
Peru			6,086	21
Denmark			3,750	22
Dominican Republic			3,687	23
Bolivia			3,085	24
Guinea			2,548	26
Haiti			1,758	27
Austria			1,728	28
Belgium			1,629	29
Finland			1,286	30
New Zealand			1,228	31
Guatemala			1,202	32
South Africa			979	33
Honduras			876	34
Portugal			655	35
El Salvador			580	36
Nicaragua			456	37
Greece			391	38
Hungary			238	39
Russia			206	40
Bahamas			201	41
Iceland			191	42
Czech Republic			165	43
Cuba			146	44
Cyprus			133	45
Poland			128	46
Philippines			128	47
Romania			110	48
Slovakia			56	49
Turkey			54	50
Egypt			54	51
Bulgaria			49	52
Slovenia			43	53
Croatia			43	54
Jordan			24	55
Estonia			10	56
Latvia			7	57
North Macedonia			6	58

Social and economic impact

Colombians living abroad—1.5 million of whom departed during the economic downturn between 1996 and 2002—have had a positive effect on the balance of payments thanks to remittances to family and friends at home.^[3] According to Colombian newspaper El Tiempo, the value of remittances from Colombians living abroad is ranked third as the main source of foreign money in Colombia and has already surpassed the value of coffee exports.

But external migration to the United States or Europe has represented a definite loss of talent and energy because migrants to the developed world tend to be better educated and in the prime of working life.^[3] Some estimates would have roughly half the physicians trained in Colombia during certain years, at great expense to fellow Colombian taxpayers, now working in the United States.^[3] Then, too, there are communities (as in Mexico, for example) that have been so drained of young workers that they find themselves dependent on the flow of remittances.^[3] Several municipalities in the vicinity of Pereira in western Colombia, hard hit by troubles in the coffee industry and the competition of cheap Asian labor in garment exporting, exemplify the latter phenomenon.^[3]

Human trafficking

The Colombian government has developed prevention programs against illegal groups that offer emigration help to unsuspecting people, many of whom are eventually forced into slavery, forced prostitution and human trafficking in foreign countries.

See also

• Demographics of Colombia
• Foreign relations of Colombia
• Immigration to Colombia
• Colombian people
• Venezuelan refugee crisis

References