Cork encoding

The Cork (also known as T1 or EC) encoding is a character encoding used for encoding glyphs in fonts.^[1] It is named after the city of Cork in Ireland, where during a TeX Users Group (TUG) conference in 1990 a new encoding was introduced for LaTeX.^[1] It contains 256 characters supporting most west and east-European languages with the Latin alphabet.^[2]

Details

In 8-bit TeX engines the font encoding has to match the encoding of hyphenation patterns where this encoding is most commonly used.^[3] In LaTeX one can switch to this encoding with \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}, while in ConTeXt MkII this is the default encoding already. In modern engines such as XeTeX and LuaTeX Unicode is fully supported and the 8-bit font encodings are obsolete.

Character set

Cork encoding
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
0_ 0	` 0060	´ 00B4	ˆ 02C6	˜ 02DC	¨ 00A8	˝ 02DD	˚ 02DA	ˇ 02C7	˘ 02D8	¯ 00AF	˙ 02D9	¸ 00B8	˛ 02DB	‚ 201A	‹ 2039	› 203A
1_ 16	“ 201C	” 201D	„ 201E	« 00AB	» 00BB	– 2013	— 2014	ZWSP 200B	₀^[a] 2080	ı^[b] 0131	ȷ^[b] 0237	ﬀ FB00	ﬁ FB01	ﬂ FB02	ﬃ FB03	ﬄ FB04
2_ 32	0020	! 0021	" 0022	# 0023	$ 0024	% 0025	& 0026	’ 2019	( 0028	) 0029	* 002A	+ 002B	, 002C	- 002D	. 002E	/ 002F
3_ 48	0 0030	1 0031	2 0032	3 0033	4 0034	5 0035	6 0036	7 0037	8 0038	9 0039	: 003A	; 003B	< 003C	= 003D	> 003E	? 003F
4_ 64	@ 0040	A 0041	B 0042	C 0043	D 0044	E 0045	F 0046	G 0047	H 0048	I 0049	J 004A	K 004B	L 004C	M 004D	N 004E	O 004F
5_ 80	P 0050	Q 0051	R 0052	S 0053	T 0054	U 0055	V 0056	W 0057	X 0058	Y 0059	Z 005A	[ 005B	\ 005C	] 005D	^ 005E	_ 005F
6_ 96	‘ 2018	a 0061	b 0062	c 0063	d 0064	e 0065	f 0066	g 0067	h 0068	i 0069	j 006A	k 006B	l 006C	m 006D	n 006E	o 006F
7_ 112	p 0070	q 0071	r 0072	s 0073	t 0074	u 0075	v 0076	w 0077	x 0078	y 0079	z 007A	{ 007B	\| 007C	} 007D	~ 007E	SHY^[c] 00AD
8_ 128	Ă 0102	Ą 0104	Ć 0106	Č 010C	Ď 010E	Ě 011A	Ę 0118	Ğ 011E	Ĺ 0139	Ľ 013D	Ł 0141	Ń 0143	Ň 0147	Ŋ 014A	Ő 0150	Ŕ 0154
9_ 144	Ř 0158	Ś 015A	Š 0160	Ş 015E	Ť 0164	Ţ 0162	Ű 0170	Ů 016E	Ÿ 0178	Ź 0179	Ž 017D	Ż 017B	Ĳ 0132	İ 0130	đ 0111	§ 00A7
A_ 160	ă 0103	ą 0105	ć 0107	č 010D	ď 010F	ě 011B	ę 0119	ğ 011F	ĺ 013A	ľ 013E	ł 0142	ń 0144	ň 0148	ŋ 014B	ő 0151	ŕ 0155
B_ 176	ř 0159	ś 015B	š 0161	ş 015F	ť 0165	ţ 0163	ű 0171	ů 016F	ÿ 00FF	ź 017A	ž 017E	ż 017C	ĳ 0133	¡ 00A1	¿ 00BF	£ 00A3
C_ 192	À 00C0	Á 00C1	Â 00C2	Ã 00C3	Ä 00C4	Å 00C5	Æ 00C6	Ç 00C7	È 00C8	É 00C9	Ê 00CA	Ë 00CB	Ì 00CC	Í 00CD	Î 00CE	Ï 00CF
D_ 208	Ð/Đ^[d] 00D0	Ñ 00D1	Ò 00D2	Ó 00D3	Ô 00D4	Õ 00D5	Ö 00D6	Œ 0152	Ø 00D8	Ù 00D9	Ú 00DA	Û 00DB	Ü 00DC	Ý 00DD	Þ 00DE	SS^[e] 1E9E
E_ 224	à 00E0	á 00E1	â 00E2	ã 00E3	ä 00E4	å 00E5	æ 00E6	ç 00E7	è 00E8	é 00E9	ê 00EA	ë 00EB	ì 00EC	í 00ED	î 00EE	ï 00EF
F_ 240	ð 00F0	ñ 00F1	ò 00F2	ó 00F3	ô 00F4	õ 00F5	ö 00F6	œ 0153	ø 00F8	ù 00F9	ú 00FA	û 00FB	ü 00FC	ý 00FD	þ 00FE	ß 00DF

Letter Number Punctuation Symbol Other Undefined

Notes

Hexadecimal values under the characters in the table are the Unicode character codes.
The first 12 characters are often used as combining characters.

^ 0x18 is just a "trailing zero", used to compose ‰ or ‱ (or arbitrary smaller quantities) out of percent sign (%).
^ ^a ^b Dotless i and dotless j may be used to compose accented variants like i with macron (ī).
^ 0x7F is the hyphenation character (not really a soft hyphen).
^ 0xD0 is used both as Eth (Ð, U+00D0) and as D with stroke (Đ, U+0110) which might be a problem at some occasions (like copying text from PDF, hyphenation, ...)
^ 0xDF contains SS (two letters S). It allows TeX to automatically convert the German lowercase ß into the uppercase form.

Supported languages

The encoding supports most European languages written in Latin alphabet. Notable exceptions are:

Esperanto (using IL3)
Latvian language and Lithuanian language (using L7X)
Welsh language

Languages with slightly suboptimal support include:

Galician language, Portuguese language and Spanish language – due to the lack of characters ª and º, which are not superscript versions of lower case “a” and “o” (superscripts are thinner) and they are often underlined
Croatian language, Bosnian language, Serbian language – due to the shared use of the slot for Đ
Turkish language – due to dotless i having different uppercase and lowercase combinations than in other languages
Romanian language – due to lacking S and T with a comma below (i.e. not joined), however does have them with a cedilla (joined).

References

^ ^a ^b Petrlik, Lukas (1996-06-19). "The Czech and Slovak Character Encoding Mess Explained". cs-encodings-faq. 1.10. Archived from the original on 2016-06-21. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
^ Ferguson, Michael (1990), "Report on Multilingual Activities" (PDF), TUGboat, Volume 11 (Issue 4): 514–516
^ TeX hyphenation patterns

External links

[4] 0x18 is just a "trailing zero", used to compose ‰ or ‱ (or arbitrary smaller quantities) out of percent sign (%).

[ij-5] Dotless i and dotless j may be used to compose accented variants like i with macron (ī).

[6] 0x7F is the hyphenation character (not really a soft hyphen).

[7] 0xD0 is used both as Eth (Ð, U+00D0) and as D with stroke (Đ, U+0110) which might be a problem at some occasions (like copying text from PDF, hyphenation, ...)

[8] 0xDF contains SS (two letters S). It allows TeX to automatically convert the German lowercase ß into the uppercase form.

[Petrlik_1996_CS-1] Petrlik, Lukas (1996-06-19). "The Czech and Slovak Character Encoding Mess Explained". cs-encodings-faq. 1.10. Archived from the original on 2016-06-21. Retrieved 2016-06-21.

[Ferguson_1990-2] Ferguson, Michael (1990), "Report on Multilingual Activities" (PDF), TUGboat, Volume 11 (Issue 4): 514–516

[TeX_Hyphenation-3] TeX hyphenation patterns

[1]

[2]

[3]

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[b]

[c]

[d]

[e]