| Total population | |
|---|---|
| ~12,150,000.000 (2019 est.) | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity, Islam[1] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| African diaspora |
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Black Europeans of African Ancestry, or Afro-Europeans, are people in Europe who trace full or partial ancestry to Sub Saharan Africa.
The concept of "Afro-Europeans" is modeled after African Americans by associations and movements militating in favor of equal opportunities for black and mixed-race people from overseas territories and Europe.
European Union
In the European Union as of 2019, there is a record of approximately 9.3 million people of Sub Saharan African or Afro-Caribbean descent, comprising around 2% of the total population, with over half located in France. The countries with the largest African population in Europe are:
| Country | Population | Comments / source |
|---|---|---|
| France | 5,500,000 (2012)[2] | Estimate as the French State does not allow collection of racial or national origin statistics. Most have roots in the former French colonies in Africa, with around 800,000 having roots in the French Caribbean islands |
| Italy | 720,000 (2019)[3] | Sub-Saharan Africans and their descendants, Estimating descendants who may have Italy as country of birth. There are approximately 515,436 Sub-Saharan African born in Italy, using a similar approximation formula to Germany and immigrant:community ratios, we estimate 720,000 Black People in Italy. Note, Sub-Saharan African does not include Moroccans, Egyptians, Libyans or Tunisians, as these populations are respectively Arab or Berber and not Black. There are over 1.5 million North Africans, inclusive of descendants, in Italy. |
| Spain | 580,000 (2019)[4] | Approximated using statistics on foreign-born persons to estimate full and partial descendants based on birth statistics. There are 290,000 born in Sub Saharan Africa and an additional 140,000 born in African Majority Latin America and Caribbean (Dominican Republic, Haiti etc.). Most are former Spanish colonies in Latin America and Equatorial Guinea, also includes many contract workers from Africa. This statistic does not include Moroccans, who alone comprise a community over 800,000 in Spain as they are North-Africans and not Black. |
| Germany | 529,000 [5](2019) | Sub-Saharan Africans and their descendants, alongside any by racial or mixed race of African heritage account for 529,000 people, with Egyptians/Algerians/Moroccans and similar North Africans comprising an additional 459,000. Germany provides a rather accurate "ethnic" demography since its yearly microcensus determines a person's ancestry by identifying anyone with one grandparent born outside Germany as with "migration background", marking their background as that of their dominant non-German background. This allows a relatively accurate count of German ethnic demographics. |
| Netherlands | 490,000 (2018)[6] | Sub-Saharan Africans and their descendants, alongside any by racial or mixed race of African heritage account for roughly 490,000 people. Most have roots from former Dutch colonies in the Caribbean. A portion of Surinamese descended are counted in this as many have significant Sub-Saharan African ancestry. |
| Portugal | 450,000 (2018)[7] | Approximated using statistics on foreign born persons to estimate full and partial descendants based on birth statistics. Most have roots from former Portuguese colonies in Africa. There are over 272,000 Sub Saharan born immigrants in Portugal and several hundred thousand Brazilian born. [8] |
| Belgium | 410,000 (2019)[9] | Estimate making use of current sub-Saharan born population (240,069) and approximate progeny born and their descendants based on historical migration and birth statistics. Most have roots in the former Belgian colonies of the Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi as well as other French-speaking African countries. |
| Sweden | 301,370 (2019)[10] | Sub-Saharan Africans and their descendants, alongside any by racial or mixed race of African heritage are counted. Consists mostly of recent immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers. Most of them are from Somalia, Eritrea and countries around. Some French and British nationals of African descent can be found in Malmö and Stockholm. |
| Republic of Ireland | 64,639 (2016)[11] | Sub-Saharan Africans and their descendants, alongside any by racial or mixed race of African heritage are counted. 2016 Census is used. |
| Denmark | 52,795 (2019)[12] | Sub-Saharan Africans and their descendants, alongside any by racial or mixed race of African heritage are counted. |
| Austria | 124,000 (2019)[13] | Estimate making use of current Sub-Saharan born population (41,374) , Caribbean born (26,569) and approximate progeny born and their descendants based on historical migration and birth statistics. Mixed race of African heritage are not counted. North Africans in Austria have a population of 117,471 most of them live in the capital Vienna. |
| Finland | 46,866 (2019)[14] | I.e., according to Statistics Finland, people in Finland: • whose both parents are Sub-Saharan African-born (SSA; i.e., all other African countries but Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia), • or whose only known parent was born in SSA, • or who were born in SSA and whose parents' countries of birth are unknown.[15] Thus, for example, people with one Finnish parent and one SSA parent or people with more distant SSA ancestry are not included in this country-based non-ethnic figure. Because the figure is country-based, it may include some Sub-Saharan white Africans. Also, SSA-born adoptees' backgrounds are determined by their adoptive parents, not by their biological parents. They are mainly from Somalia, Nigeria, DR Congo, Ethiopia, and Ghana. |
| Luxembourg | 30,000 (2019) [13] | Estimate making use of current Sub-Saharan born population (18,253) and approximate progeny born and their descendants based on historical migration and birth statistics. |
The remaining 14 states of the European Union have fewer than 60,000 individuals of Sub-Saharan African descent all together.[16] As countries such as Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Romania and Greece have received little to no immigration from Sub Saharan Africa or interaction that would have caused the formation of black or mixed race communities. Black populations, inclusive of descendants, mixed race people, and temporary students, number fewer than 5,000 in each of these states.[16]
The topic and trend of multiracialism resurfaced in Uganda as multiracial Ugandans were officially being recognized as true Ugandans (Multiracial Ugandans in Uganda).
The rest of Europe
The United Kingdom has approximately 2.5 million black people, inclusive of mixed race, according to the 2011 Census. Switzerland and Norway have 114,000[16] and 115,000 people of Sub-Saharan African descent, respectively; primarily composed of refugees and their descendants, but this is only the numbers for first generation migrants and second generation migrants with two parents from a different country. There are no official numbers in Norway regarding Afro-Norwegians, as Norway does not have census regarding race or ethnicity. However, Norway collects data on migrants up to the second generation, which can be used to accurately estimate the effective Black population. [17]
The East Slavic and West Balkan states along with Turkey have negligible populations of Black people, numbering fewer than 40,000 all together; primarily composed of foreign students from Africa mostly in Universities in Turkey and Russia.[18]
All together, from these estimates and statistics there are roughly 12.2 million Black people in Europe, with over two-thirds from the United Kingdom or France.
If North Africans, who are of Berber or Arab ancestry, were to be included, this estimate would double to nearly 22 million.
More than 1,000,000 sub-Saharan Africans had settled in Europe between 2010 and 2017.[19]
Notable Afro-Europeans
Alexandre Dumas
Ivan Gannibal
David Lammy MP
Jerome Boateng
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See also
- Black people
- African admixture in Europe
- African immigration to Europe
- White Africans of European ancestry
References
- ^ Small, Stephen (15 June 2018). "The African Diaspora in Europe Today". AAIHS. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
For example, in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Italy, the majority of Black people arrived only since the 1990s, they did not speak the national language, they arrived as refugees, and are primarily Muslims. In the UK, France, Netherlands, as well as in Belgium and Portugal, large numbers of Black people arrived in the 1950s–1970s, speaking the national language, as citizens and mainly Christians.
- ^ "French Institute of Demographic Studies".
- ^ "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". demo.istat.it. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
- ^ "Población (españoles/extranjeros) por País de Nacimiento, sexo y año". INE (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-06-20.
- ^ "Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach Geburtsstaat in Staatengruppen". Statistisches Bundesamt (in German). Retrieved 2021-01-19.
- ^ "CBS Statline". opendata.cbs.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2020-06-20.
- ^ "Statistics Portugal - Web Portal". www.ine.pt. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-07-20. Retrieved 2015-12-29.
- ^ "Bevolking naar woonplaats, nationaliteit, burgerlijke staat, leeftijd en geslacht | Statbel". statbel.fgov.be. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
- ^ "PxWeb - välj tabell". www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
- ^ "Population by Race and Ethnicity Ireland" (PDF).
- ^ "StatBank Denmark". www.statbank.dk. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
- ^ a b "Eurostat".
- ^ "11rs -- Syntyperä ja taustamaa kielen, iän (1-v.) ja sukupuolen mukaan, 1990-2019" (in Finnish). Statistics Finland. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
- ^ "Käsitteet ja määritelmät" (in Finnish). Statistics Finland. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
Syntyperä ja taustamaa ... Suomalaistaustaisia ovat myös kaikki ne henkilöt, joilla vähintään toinen vanhemmista on syntynyt Suomessa. ... Ulkomaalaistaustaisia ovat ne henkilöt, joiden molemmat vanhemmat tai ainoa tiedossa oleva vanhempi on syntynyt ulkomailla. ... Jos kummankaan vanhemman syntymävaltiosta ei ole tietoa, on taustamaa ulkomailla syntyneiden henkilöiden osalta henkilön oma syntymävaltio. ... Ulkomailta adoptoitujen lasten osalta ottovanhemmat rinnastetaan biologisiksi vanhemmiksi.
- ^ a b c "Migration and migrant population statistics".
- ^ "2020-03-09". ssb.no. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
- ^ "Top 20 countries for international students". the Guardian. 2014-07-17. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
- ^ "At Least a Million Sub-Saharan Africans Moved to Europe Since 2010". Pew Research Center. 22 March 2018. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
Sources
- Claudy Siar délégué interministériel à l'égalité des chances, Baptême médiatique difficile pour le nouveau délégué interministériel, François-Xavier Guillerm(agence de presse GHM), 1er avril 2011. » [archive], sur Blog France-Antille de François-Xavier Guillerm [archive]