Wikipedia

770s

Millennium: 1st millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
  • 770
  • 771
  • 772
  • 773
  • 774
  • 775
  • 776
  • 777
  • 778
  • 779
Categories:

The 770s decade ran from January 1, 770, to December 31, 779.

Events

770


By place

Europe
  • King Charlemagne signs a peace treaty with Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria, and marries the Lombard princess Desiderata (daughter of King Desiderius). He travels to the Lombard court at Pavia to conclude arrangements. Pope Stephen III opposes the marriage, and protests about a Frankish-Lombard alliance.[1]
  • Hedeby, an important trading settlement, in the Danish-northern German borderland is founded (approximate date).
Britain
Abbasid Caliphate
Asia

771

By place

Europe
  • December 4 – King Carloman I, youngest son of Pepin III ("the Short"), dies (of a severe nosebleed, according to one source)[2] at the Villa of Samoussy, leaving his brother Charlemagne sole ruler of the now reunified Frankish Kingdom. Gerberga, the widow of Carloman, flees with her two sons to the court of King Desiderius of the Lombards, at Pavia.
  • Charlemagne repudiates his Lombard wife Desiderata, daughter of Desiderius, after one year of marriage. He marries the 13-year-old Swabian girl Hildegard, who will bear him nine children. Desiderius, furious at Charlemagne, plans a punitive campaign against the Franks and Rome.
Britain

772

By place

Europe
  • Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne leads a Frankish expedition from the Middle Rhine into disputed territory lost by the Franks in 695. He starts a campaign against the Saxons and seizes Eresburg, destroying the Irminsul (Saxon sacred tree) near Paderborn. Charlemagne devastates several major Saxon strongholds, and forces them to retreat beyond the Weser River. After negotiating with some Saxon nobles and obtaining hostages, he installs a number of garrisons.[5]
  • King Desiderius of the Lombards, enraged by the repudiation by Charlemagne of his daughter Desiderata, proclaims Gerberga's sons lawful heirs to the Frankish throne. He attacks Pope Adrian I for refusing to crown them, and invades the Duchy of the Pentapolis. Desiderius marches on Rome, and Adrian turns to the Franks for military support.
  • In England, King Offa of Mercia attempts to rule Kent directly, possibly to depose his rival Egbert II (approximate date).
Asia
  • Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur completes construction of the garrison city of al-Rāfiqah adjacent to Raqqa.

By topic

Religion

773

By place

Europe
  • Summer – King Charlemagne and his uncle Bernard, son of Charles Martel, cross the Alps with a Frankish expeditionary force at the request of Pope Adrian I. At the foot of the mountains in the Susa Valley (Northern Italy), the Franks are hindered by Lombard fortifications. After scouting, Charlemagne attacks the defenders from the flank, and forces the Lombards to flee to the fortified capital Pavia.
  • Siege of Pavia: Charlemagne besieges Pavia, which is poorly stocked with food. King Desiderius remains in the capital, and orders his son Adalgis to defend Verona to guard Gerberga, and the children of Carloman I. After a short siege, Adalgis flees to Constantinople, where he is received by Emperor Constantine V. Meanwhile, the Franks capture the cities of Verona and Mortara.
  • Saxon Wars: Saxon forces seize upon Charlemagne's preoccupation with Italy to retake Eresburg and Syburg (near Dortmund). They unsuccessfully attack the episcopal centre of Büraburg, which had been established by St. Boniface (see 723).[6]
Britain
Abbasid Caliphate
Asia

By topic

Ecology
  • A large and sudden increase in radiocarbon (14C) occurs around 773, in coral skeletons from the South China Sea[9] (see 774-775 carbon-14 spike).

774

By place

Byzantine Empire
  • Battle of Berzitia: The Bulgarian ruler (khagan) Telerig sends a small raiding army (12,000 men) to strike into the southwest of Macedonia, and capture Berzitia. Emperor Constantine V is informed about this raid by his spies in Pliska, and assembles an enormous force (80,000 men). He surprises the Bulgarians, who did not expect to find a Byzantine army there, and defeats them decisively. The Bulgars suffer heavy losses.
  • Telerig sends a message to Constantine V, stating that he is going to flee in exile to Constantinople. In exchange, he asks the emperor to reveal the spies to his associates in Pliska for their own safety. Constantine sends the Bulgarian government a list of the spies; however, Telerig executes them all, and eliminates the Byzantine spy network within his government.[10]
Europe
Britain

By topic

Astronomy
  • A 1.2% growth of 14
    C     concentration recorded in tree rings, along with corresponding spikes of 36
    Cl     and 10
    Be     recorded in ice cores, suggests that a very strong solar storm may have hit the earth in either 774 or 775.[12]

775

By place

Byzantine Empire
  • September 14 – Emperor Constantine V dies while on a campaign in Bulgaria. In his 34-year reign he has suppressed monasticism and image worship, restored aqueducts, revived commerce, and repopulated Constantinople. He is succeeded by his 25-year-old son Leo IV ("the Khazar"), who continues Constantine's campaigns against the Bulgars and Muslim Arabs.
Europe
  • Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne holds a major assembly at Quierzy (Northern France). He leads a Frankish army into Saxony to retake the castrum of Syburg (near Dortmund), then rebuilds and garrisons fortified Eresburg. He reaches the Weser at a place called Braunsberg, where the Saxons stand for battle, but are defeated when Frankish troops cross the river.[13]
  • Westphalian Saxons, probably commanded by Widukind, cross the Weser and fight an inconclusive battle at Hlidbeck (modern-day Lübbecke). Charlemagne claims victory, but perhaps in reality suffers a setback. He reunites his forces and inflicts a real defeat upon the Saxons, seizing considerable booty and taking hostages, though Widukind escapes.[14]
  • Autumn – Charlemagne retakes the Hellweg (main corridor) along the Lippe Valley, establishing communications between Austrasia, Hesse and Thuringia. It is used as a trade route under Frankish supervision.[15]
  • The German city of Giessen (Hesse) is founded.
Africa
  • Andalusian merchants set up an emporium (trade settlement) on the Maghreb coast at Ténès (modern Algeria). It is early evidence of the revival of the maritime trade in the Western Mediterranean, after the chaos of the early 8th century.[16]
Arabian Empire
  • April 25 – Battle of Bagrevand: The Abbasids put an end to an Armenian rebellion. Muslim control over Transcaucasia is solidified, while several major Armenian nakharar families, notably the Mamikonian, lose power and flee to the Byzantine Empire.
  • Caliph al-Mansur dies after a 21-year reign, in which he has made Baghdad the residence of the Abbasid Caliphate. He is succeeded by his son al-Mahdi.
  • At around this time, Baghdad becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Chang'an, capital of China.[17]
Asia

By topic

Astronomy
  • A 1.2% growth of carbon-14 concentration recorded in tree rings suggests that a very strong solar storm may have hit the earth, in either 774 or 775.[19]

776

By place

Byzantine Empire
Europe
Britain

777

By place

Europe
  • Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne spends Easter in Nijmegen, and leads a large Frankish army to Paderborn, where a general assembly of Carolingian and Saxon leaders has been summoned. Saxon lands are integrated into the Frankish Kingdom, and divided into missionary parishes. Duke Widukind and his followers flee to King Sigfred of Denmark, seeking refuge and support.[24]
  • Abbasid–Carolingian alliance: Charlemagne receives a request for support from pro-Abbasid rulers in the eastern thughur, or military frontier zone of the Emirate of Córdoba. Several powerful officials and noblemen in northeastern Iberia, such as the governors of Barcelona and Zaragoza, seek to rise up against the Umayyad emir Abd al-Rahman I.[25]
Africa

By topic

Religion

778

By place

Byzantine Empire
  • Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Leo IV ("the Khazar") repulses an Abbasid invasion in Anatolia. A Byzantine expeditionary force under Michael Lachanodrakon, military governor (strategos) of the Thracesian Theme, defeats the Muslim-Arabs at the fortress city of Germanikeia in Cilicia (modern Turkey). He plunders the region and takes many captives, mostly Jacobites, who are resettled in Thrace.
Europe
Britain
  • Unrest in Northumbria leads to King Æthelred I ordering the execution of three of his dukes. This considerably weakens his position (approximate date).

By topic

Religion

779

By place

Europe
Britain
  • Battle of Bensington: King Offa of Mercia defeats his rival Cynewulf of Wessex at Bensington (modern-day Oxfordshire). He seizes control of Berkshire, and probably London as well. According to sources of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Offa becomes "King of All England". Charlemagne writes a letter to him as "his dearest brother", but when Offa refuses to let one of Charlemagne's sons marry one of his daughters, Charlemagne threatens to close the ports to English traders.
Asia

Births

770

771

772

773

774

775

  • Amalarius, archbishop of Trier (approximate date)
  • Ebbo, archbishop of Reims (d. 851)
  • Einhard, Frankish scholar (d. 840)
  • Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu, Japanese general (d. 826)
  • Hilduin, bishop of Paris (d. 840)
  • Leo V, Byzantine emperor (d. 820)
  • Rotrude, Frankish princess, daughter of Charlemagne (or 778)
  • Tahir ibn Husayn, Persian Abbasid governor (or 776)
  • Theodosia, Byzantine empress (approximate date)
  • Theophanes the Branded, Byzantine monk (d. 845)
  • Wetti of Reichenau, German scholar (approximate date)

776

777

778

779

Deaths

770

771

772

773

774

775

776

777

778

779


References

  1. ^ McKitterick, Rosamond, Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity (2008), p. 84
  2. ^ "Cathwulf, Kingship, and the Royal Abbey of Saint-Denis", by Joanna Story, Speculum
  3. ^ Simon of Durham. Historia Regum. Ch. 47
  4. ^ Simeon of Durham's. History of the Kings, p. 450
  5. ^ David Nicolle (2014). The Conquest of Saxony AD 782–785, pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-1-78200-825-5
  6. ^ David Nicolle (2014). The Conquest of Saxony AD 782–785, p. 14. ISBN 978-1-78200-825-5
  7. ^ "The History Of Zero". Yale Global. April 25, 2009. Archived from the original on August 25, 2016.
  8. ^ "Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati". Archived from the original on April 11, 2005. Retrieved September 11, 2006.
  9. ^ Liu, Y; Zhang, ZF; Peng, ZC; Ling, MX; Shen, CC; Liu, WG; Sun, XC; Shen, CD; Liu, KX; Sun, W (2014). "Mysterious abrupt carbon-14 increase in coral contributed by a comet". Sci Rep. 4: 3728. doi:10.1038/srep03728. PMC 3893640. PMID 24430984.
  10. ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
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  12. ^ Mekhaldi, Florian; Muscheler, Raimund; Adolphi, Florian; Aldahan, Ala; Beer, Jürg; McConnell, Joseph R.; Possnert, Göran; Sigl, Michael; Svensson, Anders; Synal, Hans-Arno; Welten, Kees C. (2015-10-26). "Multiradionuclide evidence for the solar origin of the cosmic-ray events of AD 774/5 and 993/4". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 8611. doi:10.1038/ncomms9611. ISSN 2041-1723.
  13. ^ David Nicolle (2014). The Conquest of Saxony AD 782–785, pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-1-78200-825-5.
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