Wikipedia

730s

Millennium: 1st millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
  • 730
  • 731
  • 732
  • 733
  • 734
  • 735
  • 736
  • 737
  • 738
  • 739
Categories:

The 730s decade ran from January 1, 730, to December 31, 739.

Events

730

By place

Europe
Arabian Empire
China

By topic

In this decade Hops are first cultivated in Germany, in the Hallertau region.[3]

Religion

731

By place

Europe
Britain
Asia
  • Battle of the Defile: An Umayyad relief army (28,000 men) is sent to Samarkand (modern Uzbekistan), which is besieged by the Turgesh.[6] The Muslims are ambushed near the Zarafshan Range, at the Tashtakaracha Pass.[7][8] The battle results in a Pyrrhic victory, with heavy casualties for the Umayyad army, halting Muslim expansion in Central Asia for almost two decades.

By topic

Literature
Religion

732

By place

Byzantine Empire
  • Byzantine Emperor Leo III marries his 15 year old son Constantine to Tzitzak (later baptised as Irene), the daughter of the Khazar Khagan Bihar, as a sign of diplomatic unity between the Byzantine Empire and the Khazar Khaganate.
Europe
  • Battle of the River Garonne: Umayyad Muslim army (40,000 men) under Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, governor of Al-Andalus, crosses the Pyrenees through the Roncesvalles Pass and raids widely, ravaging the cities of Oloron, Lescar and Bayonne, and burning the abbey of Saint-Sever. Umayyad forces destroy the monastery of Saint-Émilion, and defeat the 'Count of Libourne'. Abdul Rahman sacks and captures Bordeaux, and nearly wipes out the army of Duke Eudes of Aquitaine, at the Garonne River.[11]
  • Summer – Eudes of Aquitaine heads for the Frankish city of Reims, to warn Charles Martel, Merovingian mayor of the palace, of the Umayyad invasion in Gaul, and ask for his support against the invaders. The two leaders meet near Paris; Charles issues a 'general ban' to raise an army, which includes large numbers of Austrasians, Neustrians, and Burgundians. Meanwhile, Arabians ravage the cities of Périgueux, Saintes and Angoulême, then sack the basilica of Saint-Hilaire outside Poitiers.[12]
  • September – Charles Martel leads his Frankish army (30,000 men) to Orléans and crosses the Loire River, probably accompanied by Eudes of Aquitaine, with his remaining troops. He makes camp near Tours, probably at Ballan-Miré south-west of the fortress city, in order to protect the abbey of Saint Martin. Charles defeats or forces back Umayyad scouts or an advance guard, between the rivers Indre and Creuse. Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi pulls back to establish a position at the Vienne River.[13]
  • October – The Frankish army crosses the Vienne River and establishes a camp at or around the partially abandoned Roman mansion or agricultural settlement, now known as 'Vieux-Poitiers' (near Châtellerault), perhaps using the Roman theatre with its substantial towers as a fortification. Charles Martel forms a defensive position across the Roman road, and fends off Muslim skirmishes during the 'seven days' stand-off, probably involving scouts, and perhaps raiders from both armies.[14]
  • October 10 – Battle of Tours: The Frankish and Burgundian forces under Charles Martel defeat a large army of Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, near Poitiers, halting the Islamic advance into Western Europe; Rahman Al Ghafiqi is killed during the battle. Charles extends his authority in the south of France, which gives him the nickname Martellus ("The Hammer"). The outcome of the victory is a turning point, and establishes a balance of power between Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire.[15]
  • Muslim forces withdraw southwards to Septimania; a separate part probably pulls back along the road it originally came through, across the Pyrenees Mountains. Eudes of Aquitaine pursues the main Muslim army via La Marche, before returning to Bordeaux; Charles Martel withdraws to Frankish territory through Orléans and Auxerre, demoting those bishops whom he thought unreliable. Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri becomes the new governor (wali) of Al-Andalus; a separate Muslim force raids the Rhône region.[12]
Britain

By topic

Astronomy
Religion

733

By place

Byzantine Empire
Europe

734

By place

Europe
Mesoamerica

735

By place

Europe
  • Charles Martel, Merovingian mayor of the palace, invades Burgundy. Duke Hunald I of Aquitaine refuses to recognise the authority of the Franks, whereupon Charles marches south of the River Loire, seizing the cities of Bordeaux and Blaye. Within 4 years he will have subdued all the Burgundian chieftains, while continuing to fight off Moorish advances into Gaul.[23]
  • King Liutprand of the Lombards raises his nephew Hildeprand to co-kingship, after a serious illness (approximate date).
  • Siege of al-Sakhra: Moors under Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj (governor of Al-Andalus) besiege Pelagius, king of Asturias, in the uppermost Northern mountain ranges in Iberia. The battle ends inconclusively, with Pelagius surviving, but 270 out of his 300 followers are killed, at least according to a Muslim chronicle from the 11th century.[1]
Asia
  • During the Tang Dynasty in China, by this year there is 149,685,400 kg (165,000 short tons) of grain shipped annually along the Grand Canal.
  • A major smallpox epidemic starts in Japan, which reduces the population by 30%.
Armenia
  • 735 Vayots Dzor Province earthquake. It affected the Vayots Dzor Province.The earthquake reportedly destroyed an entire valley. The reported casualties included at least 10,000 victims. [24]

By topic

Literature
  • The Khöshöö Tsaidam Monuments of Bilge Khan, ruler (khagan) of the Turkic Khaganate, and his brother Kul Tigin, are erected.[25] (Bilge has already erected Kül Tigin's monument and Bilge's son erects Bilge's monument.)
Religion

736

By place

Europe
Britain
Asia
  • Rōben, scholar-Buddhist monk, invites Shinshō to give lectures on the Avatamsaka Sutra at Kinshōsen-ji (later Tōdai-ji); this event is considered to be the roots of the Kegon school of Buddhism founded in Japan.
Mesoamerica
  • A diplomatic team from Calakmul, led by Wamaw K'awiil, meets with Quiriguá leader K’ak Tiliw Chan Yopaa, in an attempt to negotiate an end to the city's rebellion during the Third Tikal-Calakmul War.
  • Yik'in Chan K'awiil, ruler (ajaw) of the leading Maya city state of Tikal (modern-day Guatemala), conquers rival Calakmul, within the northern Petén region of the Yucatán region (Southern Mexico).

737

By place

Europe
Britain
Africa
Asia
  • Second Arab–Khazar War: The Khazars led by Hazer Tarkhan are defeated by a Muslim force, sent by Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan near the Volga River, which destroyed what remained of the Khazar forces. The Umayyad Caliphate now has full control of the Caucasus after completely destroying the Khazar Empire. After its destruction the Arab-Khazar wars are stopped, Muslim sources indicate the Khazar Khan paid tribute to Marwan and converted to Islam.
  • September 30 – Battle of the Baggage: The Turgesh drive back an Umayyad invasion of Khuttal, pursue them south of the River Oxus (northern Afghanistan), and capture their baggage train. In the winter, the Turgesh and their Transoxianan allies launch a major counter-invasion but are halted and their army is destroyed. Khuttal is then conquered by the Arabs.
  • Emperor Xuan Zong discards the policy of conscripting men into the Chinese army to be replaced every three years, replacing them with long-service soldiers who are more battle-hardened and efficient (approximate date).

By topic

Catastrophe
  • A major Japanese smallpox epidemic that started in 735 finally runs its course, but only after causing an estimated 25% to 35% mortality among the adult population in the country.[37]

738

By place

Europe
Britain
  • King Swæfberht of Essex dies after a 23-year reign. He is succeeded by Saelred, a minor member of the Essex royal family.
Mesoamerica

By topic

Religion

739

By place

Europe
Africa

By topic

Religion

Significant people

Births

730

731

732

  • Fujiwara no Momokawa, Japanese statesman (d. 779)

733

734

  • Fujiwara no Kurajimaro, Japanese politician (d. 775)
  • Khurshid II, ruler (ispahbadh) of Tabaristan (d. 761)

735

736

  • Hun Jian, Chinese general
  • Zhao Jing, Chinese official

737

738

739

  • Lu Mai, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 798)
  • Yuan Zi, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 818)

Deaths

730

731

732

733

734

735

736

737

738

739


References

  1. ^ "History of the Byzantine Empire, SECTION II REIGN OF LEO III (THE ISAURIAN) A.D. 717-741, George Finlay, 1906". Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  2. ^ Kazhdan 1991, p. 415
  3. ^ "Three Millennia of German Brewing". Archived from the original on 30 November 2016.
  4. ^ David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 41). ISBN 978-184603-230-1
  5. ^ David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 19). ISBN 978-184603-230-1
  6. ^ Blankinship (1994), pp. 156, 157
  7. ^ Kennedy (2001), p. 29
  8. ^ Kennedy (2007), p. 285
  9. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope St. Gregory III" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  10. ^ Treadgold, p. 354
  11. ^ David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 45). ISBN 978-184603-230-1
  12. ^ a b David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 19). ISBN 978-184603-230-1
  13. ^ David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 55). ISBN 978-184603-230-1
  14. ^ David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 66). ISBN 978-184603-230-1
  15. ^ Durant, Will, The Age of Faith. New York: Simon and Schuster (1950). OCLC 225699907. Page, 461. Originally published 1939. ISBN 978-0-671-41800-7
  16. ^ Schwabe, Calvin W. (1979). Unmentionable Cuisine, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press (p. 157). ISBN 0813908116
  17. ^ Mayr-Harting, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  18. ^ Duffy, p. 64; Mann, p. 207
  19. ^ David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 19). ISBN 978-184603-230-1
  20. ^ David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 83). ISBN 978-184603-230-1
  21. ^ "Geschiedenis van het volk der Friezen". Boudicca.de. Archived from the original on June 8, 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
  22. ^ David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic people (p. 19). ISBN 978-184603-230-1
  23. ^ Pierre Riche, The Carolingians: A family who forged Europe, Transl. Michael Idomir Allen, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), p. 44.
  24. ^ Guidoboni, Traina, 1995, p. 119-120
  25. ^ Golden, Peter B. (2010). Turks and Khazars: origins, institutions, and interactions in pre-Mongol Eurasia. Farnham, England: Ashgate/Variorum. ISBN 978-1-4094-0003-5.
  26. ^ Mayr-Harting, "Ecgberht (d. 766)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
  27. ^ David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 19). ISBN 978-184603-230-1
  28. ^ Riche, Pierre (1993). The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 45. ISBN 0-8122-1342-4
  29. ^ "Anglo-Saxons.net: S 89". Retrieved 27 April 2007.
  30. ^ Fletcher, Who's Who, pp. 98–100
  31. ^ Lynch, Michael (ed.). The Oxford companion to Scottish history. Oxford University Press. p. 180. ISBN 9780199693054.
  32. ^ Halsall, Guy (2003). Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West 450-900. London: Routledge, p. 226. ISBN 0-415-23939-7.
  33. ^ Mastnak, Tomaz (2002). Crusading Peace: Christendom, the Muslim World, and Western Political Order. University of California Press, p. 101. ISBN 0-520-22635-6.
  34. ^ Lewis, Archibald R. (1965). The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 23. Retrieved June 15, 2012.
  35. ^ Fouracre, Paul (2000). The Age of Charles Martel. Harlow: Longman. p. 97. ISBN 0-582-06476-7.
  36. ^ Collins, Roger (1989). The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710-797. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 150. ISBN 0-631-15923-1.
  37. ^ Farris, William Wayne (1985). Population, Disease, and Land in Early Japan, 645-900. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 65–66. ISBN 9780674690059.
  38. ^ David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 19). ISBN 978-184603-230-1.
  39. ^ Mann, p. 220
  40. ^ David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 19). ISBN 978-184603-230-1
  41. ^ David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 87). ISBN 978-184603-230-1
  42. ^ Lynch, Michael (ed.). The Oxford companion to Scottish history. Oxford University Press. p. 447. ISBN 9780199693054.
  43. ^ Grapard, Allan G. (2016). Mountain Mandalas: Shugendo in Kyushu. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4742-4901-0.
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