1893 in science

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	Art; Archaeology; Architecture; Literature; Music; Philosophy;

The year 1893 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Biology

July 11 – Kōkichi Mikimoto, in Japan, develops the method to seed and grow cultured pearls.
Henry Luke Bolley discovers a method of treating smut with formaldehyde.

Chemistry

Hans Goldschmidt discovers the thermite reaction.^[1]
Nagai Nagayoshi synthesizes methamphetamine from ephedrine.
Alfred Werner discovers the octahedral structure of cobalt complexes, thus establishing the field of coordination chemistry.^[2]

Earth sciences

Eduard Suess postulates the former existence of the Tethys Sea.

Exploration

Mary Kingsley lands in Sierra Leone on the first of her journeys through Africa in the interests of anthropology and natural history.

Mathematics

J. J. Sylvester poses what becomes known as the Sylvester–Gallai theorem in geometry.^[3]
Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding by T. Sundara Row is first published in Madras.

Medicine

July 9 – Daniel H. Williams completes the first successful open heart surgery.
October 5 – Johns Hopkins Medical School opens in the United States.
Emil Kraepelin introduces the concept of dementia praecox in the classification of mental disorders, distinguishing it from mood disorder in his Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie (4th edition).
Ádám Politzer describes otosclerosis for the first time.
Vladimir Bekhterev describes Ankylosing spondylitis.^[4]

Physics

Wilhelm Wien formulates Wien's displacement law.

Technology

January 2 – Webb C. Ball introduces railroad chronometers which become the general railroad timepiece standards in North America.
February 1 – Thomas Edison finishes construction of the first motion picture studio in West Orange, New Jersey.
February 11 – János Csonka and Donát Bánki apply for a patent for the carburetor in Hungary.^[5]^[6]
February 23 – Rudolf Diesel receives a patent for the diesel engine. In this year he also publishes his treatise Theorie und Konstruktion eines rationellen Wärmemotors zum Ersatz der Dampfmaschine und der heute bekannten Verbrennungsmotoren.
February 28 – Edward Goodrich Acheson patents the method for making the abrasive silicon carbide powder.^[7]
May 9 – Edison's 1½ inch system of Kinetoscope is first demonstrated in public at the Brooklyn Institute.
May – William Scherzer (dies July 20, 1893) files a patent for his design of rolling lift bridge.^[8]
June 21 – The first Ferris Wheel opens to the public at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.^[9]^[10]
July 25 – Completion of the Corinth Canal in Greece.^[11]
August 17 – Wilhelm Maybach patents the spray nozzle carburetor in France.^[6]
Scottish scientist Alan MacMasters invents the first electric bread toaster.^[12]
Refinery for Pacific Coast Borax Company in Alameda, California, designed by Ernest L. Ransome, is the first major reinforced concrete building in the United States.^[13]

Awards

Copley Medal: George Gabriel Stokes^[14]
Wollaston Medal for Geology: Nevil Story Maskelyne

Births

February 3 – Gaston Julia (died 1978), French mathematician.
April 29 – Harold Urey (died 1981), American winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
April 30 – Roy Chadwick (died 1947), English aircraft designer.
June 13 – Alan A. Griffith (died 1963), English stress engineer.
August 5 – Sydney Camm (died 1966), English aircraft designer.
August 15 – Leslie Comrie (died 1950), New Zealand astronomer and computing pioneer.
August 24 – Haim Ernst Wertheimer (died 1978), German Jewish biochemist.
August 25 – Henry Trendley Dean (died 1962), American dental researcher.
September 16 – Albert Szent-Györgyi (died 1986), Hungarian physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
October 23 – Ernst Öpik (died 1985), Estonian astronomer and astrophysicist.
November 3 – Edward Adelbert Doisy (died 1986), American biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
December – Eugène Gabritschevsky (died 1979), Russian biologist and artist.

Deaths

January 2 – John Obadiah Westwood (born 1805), English entomologist.
January 7 – Jožef Stefan (born 1835), Slovenian physicist and mathematician.
March 3 – Orlando Whistlecraft (died 1810), English meteorologist.
August 16 – Jean-Martin Charcot (born 1825), French neurologist.
September 1 – Leonard Jenyns (born 1800), English natural historian.
December 4 – John Tyndall (born 1820), British physicist.
December 6 – Rudolf Wolf (born 1816), Swiss astronomer.
December 25 – Marie Durocher (born 1809), Brazilian obstetrician and physician.
December 28 – Richard Spruce (born 1817), English botanist.

References

^ Goldschmidt, H. (13 March 1895). Verfahren zur Herstellung von Metallen oder Metalloiden oder Legierungen derselben ("Process for the production of metals or metalloids or alloys of the same"). Deutsche Reichs Patent no. 96317.
^ "Alfred Werner: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913". Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901–1921. Elsevier Publishing Company. 1966. Retrieved 2007-03-24.
^ Sylvester, J. J. (1893). "Mathematical question 11851". The Educational Times. 46 (383): 156.
^ Bechterew, W. (1893). "Steifigkeit der Wirbelsaule und ihre Verkrummung als besondere Erkrankungsform". Neurologisches Centralblatt. 12: 426–434.
^ 10891/1893, issued 3 May 1894.
^ ^a ^b Trudeau, Terence (1990). "The Work and Life of John Csonka". Csonka János Emlékmúzeum. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
^ Acheson, G. (1893) U.S. Patent 492,767 Production of artificial crystalline carbonaceous material.
^ U.S. Patent 511,713 granted December 26, 1893. Historic American Engineering Record (1984). New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, Fort Point Channel Rolling Lift Bridge (Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridge) (PDF). HAER, MA-35. Washington, DC. pp. 7–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
^ Anderson, Norman D. Ferris wheels: an illustrated history.
^ Meehan, Patrick. "The Big Wheel". Hyde Park Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2013-01-18. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
^ "Η αντίστροφη μέτρηση". Διώρυγα Κορίνθου. 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
^ Myall, Steve. "Made in the UK: The life-changing everyday innovations which put British genius on the map". Daily Mirror. London: Trinity Mirror plc. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
^ Engineering News 29 (16 February 1893) pp. 162–163.
^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.

[1] Goldschmidt, H. (13 March 1895). Verfahren zur Herstellung von Metallen oder Metalloiden oder Legierungen derselben ("Process for the production of metals or metalloids or alloys of the same"). Deutsche Reichs Patent no. 96317.

[2] "Alfred Werner: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913". Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901–1921. Elsevier Publishing Company. 1966. Retrieved 2007-03-24.

[3] Sylvester, J. J. (1893). "Mathematical question 11851". The Educational Times. 46 (383): 156.

[4] Bechterew, W. (1893). "Steifigkeit der Wirbelsaule und ihre Verkrummung als besondere Erkrankungsform". Neurologisches Centralblatt. 12: 426–434.

[5] 10891/1893, issued 3 May 1894.

[Csonka-6] Trudeau, Terence (1990). "The Work and Life of John Csonka". Csonka János Emlékmúzeum. Retrieved 2012-01-30.

[7] Acheson, G. (1893) U.S. Patent 492,767 Production of artificial crystalline carbonaceous material.

[8] U.S. Patent 511,713 granted December 26, 1893. Historic American Engineering Record (1984). New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, Fort Point Channel Rolling Lift Bridge (Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridge) (PDF). HAER, MA-35. Washington, DC. pp. 7–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2012-02-09.

[9] Anderson, Norman D. Ferris wheels: an illustrated history.

[10] Meehan, Patrick. "The Big Wheel". Hyde Park Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2013-01-18. Retrieved 2011-10-20.

[11] "Η αντίστροφη μέτρηση". Διώρυγα Κορίνθου. 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2012-11-06.

[12] Myall, Steve. "Made in the UK: The life-changing everyday innovations which put British genius on the map". Daily Mirror. London: Trinity Mirror plc. Retrieved 2013-02-16.

[13] Engineering News 29 (16 February 1893) pp. 162–163.

[14] "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.

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