Wikipedia

1060s

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
  • 1060
  • 1061
  • 1062
  • 1063
  • 1064
  • 1065
  • 1066
  • 1067
  • 1068
  • 1069
Categories:

The 1060s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1060, and ended on December 31, 1069.

Events

1060

By place

Europe
China

By topic

Religion

1061

By place

Europe
  • Spring – Robert de Grandmesnil, his nephew Berengar, half-sister Judith (future wife of Roger I), and eleven monks of the Abbey of Saint-Evroul, are banished by Duke William II (the Bastard) of Normandy for violence, and travel to Southern Italy.[16]
  • Summer – Norman forces led by Duke Robert Guiscard and his brother Roger I invade Sicily. They land unseen during the night and surprise the Saracen army. Guiscard conquers Messina and marches into central Sicily.
  • June 28 – Count Floris I is ambushed on a retreat from Zaltbommel and killed by German troops at Nederhemert. Most of West Frisia (later part of County of Holland) is conquered and annexed by the Holy Roman Empire.
  • Sosols (a tribe in Estonia) destroy the Kievan Rus' fortification of Yuryev in Tartu, and carry out a raid on Pskov.[17]
Africa

By topic

Religion

1062

By place

Europe
  • Spring – The 11-year-old King Henry IV is abducted as a result of the Coup of Kaiserswerth, a conspiracy of German nobles led by Anno II, archbishop of Cologne. Henry's education and training is supervised by Anno, who acts as his regent and is called his magister (his "master" or "teacher"). Empress Agnes of Poitou (Henry's mother) resigns the throne, and Anno with the archbishops Siegfried I and Adalbert of Hamburg takes her place.[18]
Britain
Africa
  • The Almoravids overrun modern-day Morocco, and establish an intercontinental kingdom, stretching from Spain to Senegal.
  • The Banu Khurasan, a vassal of the Hammdid Dynasty, begin to rule the north of Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia).[19]
  • Marrakech is founded by the Almoravids which becomes their capital.

By topic

Religion

1063

By place

Europe
  • May 8 – Battle of Graus: Allied Muslim and Christian troops, under King Sancho II (the Strong) and Emir Ahmad al-Muqtadir (maybe led by El Cid), defeat the Aragonese army. King Ramiro I is killed and succeeded by his son Sancho V, as ruler of Aragon.[20]
  • Battle of Cerami: Duke Roger I leads a small Norman force (supported by 136 mounted knights), and defeats a much larger Saracen army (35,000 men) at Cerami (near Troina) in Sicily.[21]
  • Summer – The Pisan fleet assaults and sacks Palermo (controlled by the Saracens) – this in support of the Norman forces of Roger I.[22]
  • Duke William I (the Bastard) claims the province of Maine and betroths his son Robert to Margaret, daughter of late Count Herbert II.
Seljuk Empire
  • Battle of Damghan: Seljuk forces under Alp Arslan defeat his brother Qutalmish who claims the throne of late Tughril, founder of the Seljuk Empire. Qutalmish flees from the battle, but his son Suleiman is taken prisoner.[23]

By topic

Architecture
  • The Pizhi Pagoda located at Lingyan Temple (Shandong province) in China is completed, standing at a height of 54 m (177 ft) tall.
  • Doge Domenico I orders the construction of the present building of St Mark's Basilica at Venice (approximate date).
Religion

1064

By place

Europe
  • Summer – King Ferdinand I (the Great) conquers more territory in modern-day Portugal and captures Coimbra. He appoints Sisnando Davides to reorganise the economy and administer the lands encircling the city.
  • European warriors go to Spain, to participate in the siege of Barbastro. This expedition is sanctioned by Pope Alexander II – and is now regarded as an early form of Crusade.[24]
  • Harold Godwinson, Earl of Wessex, is shipwrecked on the shores of Ponthieu (Normandy). He is captured by Count Guy I who takes him as hostage to his castle of Beaurian.
  • Duke William I (the Bastard) demands the release of Harold Godwinson from Guy I (after paid a ransom). Harold must swear an oath to aid William to the throne of England.
  • Kings Harald Hardrada of Norway and Sweyn II of Denmark agree to a peace agreement. Harald turns his attentions to England where he believes he has a right to the throne.
Seljuk Empire
  • April 27 – Alp Arslan, succeeds to the throne as sultan of the Seljuk Empire. He becomes sole ruler of Persia from the river Oxus to the Tigris.
  • The Seljuk Turks under Alp Arslan invade Anatolia, and capture Ani after a siege of 25-days. He sacks the city and slaughters its citizens.[25]
  • Badr al-Jamali, Fatimid governor of Syria, tries to engineer a pro-Fatimid coup in Aleppo; but the rebellion is suppressed by Musa Yabgu.[26]
Asia
  • King Bagrat IV of Georgia captures the fortress city of Samshvilde, the capital of the neighboring Tashir-Dzoraget.
Mesoamerica

By topic

Religion
Volcanology
  • Sunset Crater Volcano (modern-day Arizona) first erupts (approximate date)

1065

By place

Europe
England
Seljuk Empire
  • Alp Arslan, leader of the Seljuk Turks, campaigns against the Kipchaks and the Türkmen in Central Asia. He captures the city of Kars and plunders the western provinces of Georgia.
China

By topic

Religion
  • Great German Pilgrimage: A large pilgrimage led by Archbishop Siegfried I of Mainz arrives (after been attack by Bedouin bandits) in Jerusalem. Two weeks later they return to Ramla in April and take ships back to Latakia.
Political situation in the Northern Iberian Peninsula around 1065:
Garcia II´s domains (Galicia)
 Badajoz, owing tribute to Garcia
 Seville, owing tribute to Garcia
 Alfonso VI's domains (León)
 Toledo, owing tribute to Alfonso
Sancho II´s domains (Castile)
 Zaragoza, owing tribute to Sancho

1066

By place

England
Europe
  • Tain becomes the first town in Scotland to be chartered as a royal burgh by King Malcolm III (Canmore).[31]
  • Huy becomes the first town in the Low Countries to be granted city rights, by Theodwin of Liège.[32]
  • Hedeby (located on the Jutland Peninsula) is sacked and burned by the West Slavs, after which it is slowly abandoned.[33]
  • The Republic of Genoa, jealous of the recent successes of its former allies, launches a naval assault on the Republic of Pisa.[34]
  • King Stenkil (or Steinkell) dies after a 6-year reign. Two rivals named Eric battle for power in Sweden, both claiming the throne.
  • Magnus II (Haraldsson), a son of Harald Hardrada, is crowned king of Norway. He unites Western Norway and Northern Norway.
  • Fulk IV (the Quarreller) is at war with his brother Geoffrey III. They are fighting over the lands of Anjou and Touraine which has been left to them by their uncle Geoffrey II (Martel).
  • December 30 – Granada massacre: A Muslim mob storms the royal palace in Granada, crucifies the Jewish vizier Yusuf ibn Naghrela, and massacres most of the Jewish population.[35]
  • City of Šibenik first mentioned under its present name in a Charter of the Croatian King Petar Krešimir IV

1067

By place

Byzantine Empire
  • May 22 – Emperor Constantine X dies after a 7-year reign at Constantinople. His wife, Empress Eudocia Macrembolitissa, is crowned Augusta and becomes co-regent for her two sons – Michael VII and Konstantios – along with Constantine's brother John Doukas who rules as Caesar the Byzantine Empire.[36]
Seljuk Empire
Europe
England
  • Spring – King William I (the Conqueror) returns to Normandy and takes with him Edgar Ætheling (grandson of Edmund Ironside), Archbishop Stigand, and the brothers Morcar and Edwin.
  • Odo of Bayeux, a half-brother of William I, is appointed Earl of Kent and becomes William's deputy (or de facto regent) in England. His wealth and land become considerable.
  • Eustace II, count of Boulogne, supports the Kentishmen in an attempt to seize Dover Castle. The conspiracy fails, and Eustace is sentence to forfeit his English fiefs.
  • Winter – William I marches on Exeter, which he besieges. The city holds out for 18 days, and after its fall William builds a castle to secure the region.
  • Winchester Castle in Hampshire is founded by William I, it becomes later the seat of government of the Norman kings ruling England.
China

By topic

Religion

1068

By place

Byzantine Empire
  • January 1 – Empress Eudokia Makrembolitissa, wife of the late Emperor Constantine X, marries General Romanos Diogenes (a member of a prominent Cappadocian family) – who is proclaimed co-emperor as Romanos IV of the Byzantine Empire.[39]
  • Autumn – Romanos IV begins a campaign against the Seljuk Turks, leading a Byzantine expeditionary force (which is in poor condition). He is successful in recapturing the fortress city of Hieropolis (modern-day Manbij) near Aleppo in northern Syria.[40]
  • Winter – Romanos IV leaves a portion of his army as a rear guard at Melitene. The Byzantine garrison fails to check an Seljuk raid that manages to sack Amorium (penetrating deep in Byzantine territory). Romanos winters near Aleppo before returning to Constantinople.[41]
Europe
England
Africa
  • September – Zaynab an-Nafzawiyyah marries Abu Bakr ibn Umar, leader of the Almoravids, and becomes his queen and co-regent.
Asia
  • Spring – Emperor Yi Zong of the Western Xia (or Xi Xia) dies after a 19-year reign. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old son Hui Zong, who assumes the throne (until 1086).
  • May 22 – Emperor Go-Reizei dies after a 23-year reign, leaving no direct heirs to the throne. He is succeeded by his brother Go-Sanjō as the 71st emperor of Japan.

By topic

Geology
  • March 18 – An earthquake affects the Near East, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The shock has a magnitude greater than 7, and leaves about 20,000 people dead.

1069

By place

Byzantine Empire
  • Spring – Emperor Romanos IV begins a campaign against the Seljuk Turks and marches towards the Euphrates via Melitene. He crosses the river at Romanopolis (modern Turkey), and captures the strategic fortress city of Chliat on the north-western shore of Lake Van. Romanos leaves a Byzantine rear guard on the upper Euphrates under General Philaretos Brachamios with orders to defend the Mesopotamian frontier.[42]
  • Seljuk forces under Alp Arslan defeat the Byzantine rear guard and advance deep into Cappadocia and Lycaonia. They plunder at will, but fail to capture the city of Iconium. Romanos retreats and returns to Constantinople. Alp Arslan takes advantage of Romanos' retreat and captures Manzikert. He recaptures the strategical fortress cities of Chliat and Van, consolidating his control over the Lake Van region.[43]
Europe
England
Asia
  • Emperor Shenzong of Song China appoints Wang Anshi as his chief chancellor. He implements the New Policies, which include financial and trade reforms, defense and order, institution of the baojia system, etc.
  • Nam tiến, the southward expansion of the territory of Vietnam, begins when a Lý dynasty army attacks Champa, capturing King Rudravarman III.[46]

Significant people

Births

1060

1061

1062

  • Bjørn Svendsen, Danish nobleman (approximate date)
  • Fujiwara no Moromichi, Japanese nobleman (d. 1099)
  • Nicephorus Bryennius, Byzantine statesman (d. 1137)
  • Nicephorus Komnenos, Byzantine aristocrat

1063

1064

1065

1066

1067

  • Abu Hafs Umar an-Nasafi, Persian scholar and historian (d. 1142)
  • Adela of Normandy, countess of Blois (approximate date)
  • Ari Thorgilsson, Icelandic chronicler and writer (d. 1148)
  • John Taronites, Byzantine governor (approximate date)

1068

1069

  • Anseau of Garlande, French nobleman (d. 1118)
  • Kamakura Gongorō Kagemasa, Japanese samurai
  • Leo Diogenes, Byzantine co-emperor (d. 1087)
  • Approximate date

Deaths

1060

1061

1062

1063

1064

1065

  • February 7 – Siegfried I, count of Sponheim
  • May 17 – Egilbert (or Engelbert), bishop of Passau
  • May 18 – Frederick, duke of Lower Lorraine
  • June 27 – George the Hagiorite, Georgian calligrapher (b. 1009)
  • July 22 – Ibn Abi Hasina, Arab poet and panegyrist (b. 998)
  • July 23 – Gunther of Bamberg, German nobleman
  • December 24 – Ferdinand I (the Great), king of León and Castile
  • Diarmaid mac Tadgh Ua Ceallaigh, king of Uí Maine
  • Ermengol III (or Armengol), count of Urgell (b. 1032)
  • Gisela (or Gizella), queen consort of Hungary (b. 985)
  • Gomes Echigues, Portuguese knight and governor (b. 1010)
  • Gusiluo, Tibetan religious leader of Buddhism (b. 997)
  • Llywelyn Aurdorchog, Welsh nobleman (approximate date)
  • Thorfinn (the Mighty), Norse nobleman (approximate date)

1066

1067

1068

1069


References

  1. ^ Fößel, Amalie (2013). "The Political Traditions of Female Rulership in Medieval Europe". In Bennett, Judith M.; Karras, Ruth Mazo (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Women and Gender in Medieval Europe. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780199582174.
  2. ^ Jestice, Phyllis G. (2018). Imperial Ladies of the Ottonian Dynasty: Women and Rule in Tenth-Century Germany. Queenship and Power. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 220. ISBN 9783319773063.
  3. ^ Oksanen, Eljas (2012). "Appendix I: Timeline". Flanders and the Anglo-Norman World, 1066-1216. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 257. ISBN 9780521760997.
  4. ^ Blewitt, Octavian (1853). "Chapter 16: Chronological Tables". Handbook for Travellers in Southern Italy: Being a Guide for the Continental Portion of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Including the City of Naples and Its Suburbs, Pompeii, Herculaneum, Vesuvius, the Islands of the Bay of Naples, and That Portion of the Papal States, Which Lies Between the Contorni of Rome and the Neapolitan Frontier. London, Paris and Florence: John Murray. pp. lxxix.
  5. ^ Via, Anthony P. (2017). "Tancred of Hauteville, Son of". In Kleinhenz, Christopher (ed.). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge Revivals. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 1069. ISBN 9781351664431.
  6. ^ Chronological Tables: Comprehending the Chronology and History of the World, from the Earliest Records to the Close of the Russian War. First Division: Ancient and Medieval History A.M. 1 to A.D. 1500. London and Glasgow: Richard Griffin. 1857. p. 189.
  7. ^ Richard Brzezinski (1998). History of Poland - The Piast Dynasty, p. 19. ISBN 83-7212-019-6.
  8. ^ Borovský, Jozef (2019). "Chapter 5: Cultus Imperium - Imperial Ungaria". Chrysalis: Metamorphosis of Odium. Victoria, Canada: FriesenPress. pp. 243–244. ISBN 9781525547690.
  9. ^ Oța, Silviu (2014). The Mortuary Archaeology of the Medieval Banat (10th-14th Centuries). Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 86. ISBN 9789004281578.
  10. ^ Ning, Chia (2016). "Dynastic histories". In Dillon, Michael (ed.). Encyclopedia of Chinese History. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 170. ISBN 9781317817161.
  11. ^ Wan, Lei (2017). "The Earliest Record on Sino-Arab Maritime Route in a Chinese Official Dynastic Book". The First Chinese Travel Record on the Arab World: Commercial and Diplomatic Communications during the Islamic Golden Age. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: مركز الملك فيصل للبحوث والدراسات الإسلامية (King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies). p. 25. ISBN 9786038206218.
  12. ^ Sung, Chia-fu (2016-11-29). "An Ambivalent Historian: Ouyang Xiu and His New Histories". T'oung Pao. 102 (4–5): 358–406. doi:10.1163/15685322-10245P03. ISSN 0082-5433.
  13. ^ Saint Anselm (Archbishop of Canterbury) (2008). "Introduction: Anselm's Life and Works". In Davies, Brian; G. R., Evans (eds.). Anselm of Canterbury: The Major Works. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. vii. ISBN 9780199540082.
  14. ^ Vaughn, Sally N. (1987). "Two: St. Anselm and Bec: Novice, Monk, Prior and Abbot, 1033 - 1092". Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan: The Innocence of the Dove and the Wisdom of the Serpent. Berkeley, CA, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press. p. 19. ISBN 9780520056749.
  15. ^ Vaughn, Sally N. (2016). "Chapter 2. The Bec Background: A Missionary Mentality". Archbishop Anselm 1093–1109: Bec Missionary, Canterbury Primate, Patriarch of Another World. London and New York: Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 9781317179832.
  16. ^ John Julius Norwich, The Normans in the South 1016–1130 (London: Solitaire Books, 1981), pp. 146–47.
  17. ^ Mäesalu, Ain (2012). "Could Kedipiv in East-Slavonic Chronicles be Keava hill fort?" (PDF). Estonian Journal of Archaeology. 1: 199. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  18. ^ Jonathan Riley-Smith (2004). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume IV – Part II (c. 1024–c. 1198), p. 54. ISBN 978-0-521-41411-1.
  19. ^ Gilbert Meynier (2010). L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte; p. 55.
  20. ^ Fletcher, R. A. (1987). "Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 5. 37: 31–47 [35]. JSTOR 3679149.
  21. ^ Gaufredo, Malaterra. "Chapter 33, The Battle of Cerami". De Rebus Gestis Rogerii Calabriae et Siciliae Comitis et Roberti Guiscardi Ducis fratris eius. 2.
  22. ^ Benvenuti, Gino (1985). Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia. Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. p. 13. ISBN 88-8289-529-7.
  23. ^ Izz al-Din ibn al'Athir, The Annals of the Saljuq Turks, transl. D.S. Richards, (Routledge, 2002), p. 151.
  24. ^ McGrank, Lawrence (1981). "Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55". Journal of Medieval History. 7 (1): 67–82. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(81)90036-1.
  25. ^ Baynes, T.S. (2008). Anni, Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 72.
  26. ^ David Nicolle (2013). Osprey: Manzikert 1071: The breaking of Byzantium, p. 20. ISBN 978-1-78096-503-1.
  27. ^ Anales de Tlatelolco, Rafael Tena INAH–CONACULTA 2004, p. 55.
  28. ^ "The consecration of Westminster Abbey | History Today". www.historytoday.com. Retrieved 2018-01-31.
  29. ^ "Coronations - Westminster Abbey". web.archive.org. December 12, 2009.
  30. ^ Christopher Gravett (1992). Osprey: Hastings: The Fall of Saxon England, p. 50–51. ISBN 1-85532-164-5.
  31. ^ "Tain Community Website - History & Heritage". www.tain.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2016-06-08.
  32. ^ Philibert Schmitz, "Theoduin", in Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 24 (Brussels, 1929), 757-758.
  33. ^ Nancy Marie Brown. "The Far Traveler: Voyages of a Viking Woman". p. 95. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  34. ^ Benvenuti, Gino (1985). Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia. Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. p. 44. ISBN 88-8289-529-7.
  35. ^ Norman Roth (1994). Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict. Netherlands: E.J. Brill, p. 110. ISBN 90-04-09971-9.
  36. ^ John Julius Norwich (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee – The Choice of Emperor, p. 343. ISBN 0-394-53779-3.
  37. ^ Brian Todd Carey (2012). Road to Manzikert: Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071), p. 132. ISBN 978-184884-215-1.
  38. ^ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, p. 24. Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876)
  39. ^ John Julius Norwich (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee – The Choice of Emperor, p. 344. ISBN 0-394-53779-3.
  40. ^ Brian Todd Carey (2012). Road to Manzikert – Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071), p. 133. ISBN 978-1-84884-215-1.
  41. ^ George Finlay (1854). History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires from 1057–1453, p. 34. William Blackwood & Sons.
  42. ^ Finlay, George (1854). History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires from 1057–1453, p. 35. William Blackwood & Sons.
  43. ^ Carey, Brian Todd (2012). Road to Manzikert – Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071), p. 134. ISBN 978-1-84884-215-1.
  44. ^ a b c Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 52–53. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  45. ^ "Norman Britain". British History Timeline. BBC. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
  46. ^ Nguyen The Anh (1989). "Le Nam tien dans les textes Vietnamiens". In Lafont, P. B. (ed.). Les frontieres du Vietnam. Paris: Edition l’Harmattan.
  47. ^ John, Simon (2017). "Chapter 2: Godfrey's Career in the West, c. 1060 - 1095". Godfrey of Bouillon: Duke of Lower Lotharingia, Ruler of Latin Jerusalem, c.1060-1100. Rulers of the Latin East. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781317126300.
  48. ^ Browning, Charles Henry (1969) [1883]. "Pedigree XCVII". Americans of Royal Descent: Collection of Genealogies Showing the Lineal Descent from Kings of Some American Families ... (Seventh ed.). Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 425. ISBN 9780806300542.
  49. ^ Smith, Charles Edward (March 1948). "The Ancestry and Life of Godfrey of Bouillon by John C. Andressohn". Indiana Magazine of History. 44 (1).
  50. ^ Strunz, Gunnar (2014). Niederösterreich: Mit Wachau, Waldviertel, Weinviertel und Mostviertel (in German). Berlin: Trescher Verlag. p. 108. ISBN 9783897942936.
  51. ^ Nickel, Claudia (2007). Das Leben der Frau Ava: Hauptseminararbeit (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: GRIN Verlag. ISBN 9783638734936.
  52. ^ Butler, Alban (1798). "St. Aibert, Recluse". The Lives of the Primitive Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints Compiled from Original Monuments and Other Authentic Records. Volume IV (Third ed.). Edinburgh, London and Newcastle: J. Moir. p. 76.
  53. ^ Sausseret, Paul (1854). "XXXV: Apparition a Saint Aibert, reclus". Apparitions et révélations de la Très Sainte Vierge depuis l'origine du Christianisme à nos jours (in French). Paris, France: Vivès. p. 162.
  54. ^ Petrella, Giancarlo (2004). L'officina del geografo: la "Descrittione di tutta Italia" di Leandro Alberti e gli studi geografico-antiquari tra Quattro e Cinquecento: con un saggio di edizione (Lombardia-Toscana) (in Italian). Milan, Italy: Vita e Pensiero. p. 434. ISBN 9788834311202.
  55. ^ Affò, Ireneo; Patrini, Giuseppe (1788). Vita di San Bernardo degli Uberti abate gen. di Vallombrosa cardinale di s. Chiesa e vescovo di Parma scritta dal padre Ireneo Affò minor osservante bibliotecario di sua altezza reale a professor onorario di storia nella r. università (in Italian). Parma, Italy: Presso Filippo Carmignani. pp. 100–101.
  56. ^ Pritz, F. X. (1842). Kurzgefasste Lebensgeschichte des hl. Berthold, ersten Abtes des einstigen Benediktiner-Klosters Garsten in Lände ob der Enns, sammt frommen Betrachtungen zur, Jubelfeier am 27 Jul. 1842 (in German). Linz, Austria: Quir. Haslinger. p. 10.
  57. ^ Rana, Lalita (2013). "Evolution of modern geographical thinking and disciplinary trends in India" (PDF). The Association for Geographical Studies: 2.
  58. ^ Handa, Nidhi (August 2018). "Journey of Indian Mathematics from Vedic Era" (PDF). International Journal for Environmental Rehabilitation and Conservation. IX (1): 217–221. doi:10.31786/09756272.18.9.1.127. ISSN 0975-6272.
  59. ^ "Clementia (Von Gleiberg) of Aquitaine b. 1060 d. 4 Jan 1141-1142: The Douglas Archives". www.douglashistory.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-08-06.
  60. ^ Potter, Philip J. (2009). Gothic Kings of Britain: The Lives of 31 Medieval Rulers, 1016-1399. Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland. p. 126. ISBN 9780786452484.
  61. ^ Bernard, Floris; Demoen, Kristoffel (2012). Poetry and its Contexts in Eleventh-century Byzantium. London and New York: Routledge. p. 92. ISBN 9781317079422.
  62. ^ Mayer, Joseph Maria (1869). Das Bayern-buch: Geschichtsbilder und sagen aus der vorzeit der Bayern, Franken und Schwaben (in German). Munich, Germany: Lindauer. pp. 231. 1060 Diemud.
  63. ^ "Diemoth - Encyclopedia Volume - Catholic Encyclopedia". Catholic Online. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  64. ^ Krause, Herbert; Krause, Carolyn (2013). Our Cup Runneth Over: Our Story for Our Children and Their Children. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. p. 317. ISBN 9781481712941.
  65. ^ Mostow, Joshua S. (1996). "Poem 75". Pictures of the Heart: The Hyakunin Isshu in Word and Image. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. p. 363. ISBN 9780824817053.
  66. ^ Machotka, Ewa (2009). Visual Genesis of Japanese National Identity: Hokusai's Hyakunin Isshu. Brussels, Belgium: Peter Lang. p. 118. ISBN 9789052014821.
  67. ^ Lillehoj, Elizabeth (2004). Critical Perspectives on Classicism in Japanese Painting: 1600 - 1700. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. p. 144. ISBN 9780824826994.
  68. ^ Butler, Alban; Burns, Paul (1999). Butler's Lives of the Saints: April. Tunbridge Wells, England and Collegeville, MN: Burns & Oates. p. 67. ISBN 9780860122531.
  69. ^ Fagnant-MacArthur, Patrice (2013). The Catholic Baby Name Book. Notre Dame, IN: Ave Maria Press. p. 167. ISBN 9781594713828.
  70. ^ Cassan, Armand (1833). Statistique de l'arrondissement de Mantes, Seine-et-Oise (in French). Mantes, France: Chez Forcade. p. 237.
  71. ^ State, Paul F. (2015). Historical Dictionary of Brussels. Lanham, MD, Boulder, CO, New York, Toronto and Plymouth, England: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 183. ISBN 9780810879218.
  72. ^ Weis, Frederick Lewis; Sheppard, Walter Lee; Beall, William Ryland; Beall, Kaleen E. (2008) [1950]. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who Came to America Before 1700: Lineages from Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and Other Historical Individuals (Eighth ed.). Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 149. ISBN 9780806317526.
  73. ^ Dillon, Charles Raymond (2002). Royals and Nobles: A Genealogist's Tool. New York, Lincoln and Shanghai: Writers Club Press. p. 352. ISBN 9780595259380.
  74. ^ "Heimatverein der Heinsberger Lande e.V." cms.hv-heinsberg.de. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  75. ^ Stroll, Mary (1997). The Medieval Abbey of Farfa: Target of Papal and Imperial Ambitions. Leiden, New York, Cologne: BRILL. p. 165. ISBN 9789004247284.
  76. ^ Boynton, Susan (2006). Shaping a Monastic Identity: Liturgy & History at the Imperial Abbey of Farfa, 1000-1125. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780801443817.
  77. ^ Neuhofer, M. Dorothy (1999). In the Benedictine Tradition: The Origins and Early Development of Two College Libraries. Lanham, New York, Oxford: University Press of America. p. 16. ISBN 9780761814634.
  78. ^ Benson, Ann (2017). Troy House: A Tudor Estate Across Time. Cardiff, Wales: University of Wales Press. p. 15. ISBN 9781783169900.
  79. ^ "People: Hamelin de Barham; Hamelin de Ballon (Balun / Baeluns) - Monastic Wales - A Comprehensive Database of Sites and Sources". www.monasticwales.org. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  80. ^ "Huizong (Western Xia) 西夏惠宗 (Biographical details)". British Museum. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  81. ^ Catalá, Montserrat Casanovas (2002). La memoria rescatada. Los materiales del Legado "Samuel Gili Gaya" como fuente historiográfica (in Spanish). Lleida, Spain: Universitat de Lleida. p. 94. ISBN 9788484095194.
  82. ^ Pere, Gil i Estalella; Catalans, Institut d'Estudis; Històrico-Arqueològica, Secció (2017). Història moral de Cathalunya : llibre segon de la Història cathalana (in Catalan). Barcelona, Spain: Institut d'Estudis Catalans. p. 185. ISBN 9788499651743.
  83. ^ Beraldo, Wanderley (2018). FamÍlia Beraldo (in Portuguese). Volume II. Sao Paolo, Brazil: Clube de Autores. p. 847.
  84. ^ Tournai, Odo of; Resnick, Irven M. (2017) [1994]. "Introduction: Odo of Tournai. Tournai at the End of the Eleventh Century". On Original Sin and A Disputation with the Jew, Leo, Concerning the Advent of Christ, the Son of God: Two Theological Treatises. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 1. ISBN 9781512821642.
  85. ^ Novikoff, Alex J. (2013). The Medieval Culture of Disputation: Pedagogy, Practice, and Performance. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780812245387.
  86. ^ Ochs, Christoph (2013). Matthaeus Adversus Christianos: The Use of the Gospel of Matthew in Jewish Polemics Against the Divinity of Jesus. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck. p. 85. ISBN 9783161526152.
  87. ^ Davies, Norman (2012). Vanished Kingdoms: The Rise and Fall of States and Nations. New York: Penguin. ISBN 9781101545348.
  88. ^ Grifoll, Isabel (2017-01-01). "The Culture (Ninth–Twelfth Centuries): Clerics and Troubadours". The Crown of Aragon: 125–149. doi:10.1163/9789004349612_006. ISBN 9789004349612.
  89. ^ Staunton, Michael (2017). The Historians of Angevin England. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 300. ISBN 9780198769965.
  90. ^ Dawson, Ian (1998). Treasure, Geoffrey (ed.). Who's who in British History. Volume I: A-H. London and Chicago, IL: Taylor & Francis. pp. xxii. ISBN 9781884964909.
  91. ^ Mason, J. F. A. (2004). "Flambard, Ranulf (c. 1060–1128), administrator and bishop of Durham | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/9667. Retrieved 2019-08-07. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  92. ^ "Roger | duke of Apulia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  93. ^ "Roger Borsa, Duke of Apulia and Calabria (Biographical details)". British Museum. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  94. ^ History (2011-10-24). Roger Borsa. TypPRESS. ISBN 9786137807903.
  95. ^ Rodd, Laurel Rasplica, ed. (2015). Shinkokinshū: New Collection of Poems Ancient and Modern. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 110. ISBN 9789004288294.
  96. ^ Fujiwara, Sukefusa; Hérail, Francine (2001). Notes journalières de Fujiwara no Sukefusa, Traduction du Shunki. Hautes Etudes Orientales - Extrême Orient (in French). 37. Geneva, Switzerland: Librairie Droz. p. 597. ISBN 9782600008969.
  97. ^ Blair, Heather (2016-07-25). "Ladylike Religion: Ritual and Agency in the Life of an Eleventh-Century Japanese Noblewoman". History of Religions. 56 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1086/686745. ISSN 0018-2710. S2CID 163874345.
  98. ^ Keynes, Simon (1997). "Giso, Bishop of Wells". In Harper-Bill, Christopher (ed.). Anglo-Norman Studies XIX: Proceedings of the Battle Conference, 1996. Woodbridge, England: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 221. ISBN 9780851157078.
  99. ^ Searle, William George (2012) [1897]. Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum: A List of Anglo-Saxon Proper Names from the Time of Beda to that of King John. Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 9781107608641.
  100. ^ Baker, Nigel; Holt, Richard (2004). Urban Growth and the Medieval Church: Gloucester and Worcester. Aldershot, England and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 22. ISBN 9780754602668.
  101. ^ Mielke, Christopher (2016). "Lifestyles of the Rich and (In?)Animate: Object Biography and the Reliquary Cross of Queen Adelaide of Hungary". In Rohr, Zita Eva; Benz, Lisa (eds.). Queenship, Gender, and Reputation in the Medieval and Early Modern West, 1060-1600. New York: Springer. pp. 5–6. ISBN 9783319312835.
  102. ^ Weinfurter, Stefan (1999). The Salian Century: Main Currents in an Age of Transition. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 185. ISBN 9780812235081.
  103. ^ Glenn, Justin (2015). The Washingtons: A Family History. Volume 3: Royal Descents of the Presidential Branch. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Publishing. p. 113. ISBN 9781940669281.
  104. ^ Ingram, James (1823). The Saxon Chronicle: With an English Translation, and Notes, Critical and Explanatory. To Which Are Added Chronological, Topographical, and Glossarial Indices; a Short Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language, a New Map of England During the Heptarchy, Plates of Coins. London: Рипол Классик. p. 250.
  105. ^ Crabb, George (1825). Universal Historical Dictionary: Or, Explanation of the Names of Persons and Places in the Departments of Biblical, Political, and Ecclesiastical History, Mythology, Heraldry, Biography, Bibliography, Geography, and Numismatics. Illustrated by Portraits and Medallic Cuts. Volume II. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy.
  106. ^ Huyghebaert, N.-N.; Huyghebaert, N.-M. (1969). "Origines et rapports des deux monastères brugeois de Saint-Barthélemy de l'Eeckhout et de Saint-Trond". Augustiniana. 19 (1/2): 257–290. ISSN 0004-8003. JSTOR 44992193. En cet endroit un certain Everelme avait adopté la vie anachorétique en l'an 1048 et y avait persévéré douze ans; il y avait reçu la sépulture dans la petite chapelle, le 4 octobre de l'an 1060.
  107. ^ Grundmann, Herbert (December 1964). "Deutsche Eremiten, Einsiedler und Klausner im Hochmittelalter (10.-12. Jahrhundert)". Archiv für Kulturgeschichte. 45 (1): 60–90. doi:10.7788/akg-1964-4505. ISSN 0003-9233. S2CID 165337423. Erst neuerdings wurde ein alter Grabstein wiederaufgefunden", dessen Inschrift besagt, daß ein anadiorita Everelmus zwölf Jahre lang auf einer Flußinsel bei Brügge lebte und dort 1060 starb.
  108. ^ Sire, Paul (2014). King Arthur's European Realm: New Evidence from Monmouth's Primary Sources. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 121. ISBN 9780786478019.
  109. ^ Weis, Frederick Lewis; Sheppard, Walter Lee; Beall, William Ryland; Beall, Kaleen E. (2008) [1950]. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who Came to America Before 1700: Lineages from Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and Other Historical Individuals (Eighth ed.). Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 265. ISBN 9780806317526.
  110. ^ Knight, Gareth (2013). The Book of Melusine of Lusignan in History, Legend and Romance. Cheltenham, England: Skylight Press. p. 180. ISBN 9781908011671.
  111. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2014). Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History. Volume II: 500 - 1399 CE. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 685. ISBN 9781610690263.
  112. ^ Kahn, Andrew; Lipovet︠s︡kiĭ, Mark Naumovich; Reyfman, Irina; Sandler, Stephanie (2018). A History of Russian Literature. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780199663941.
  113. ^ Aigner, Petra (2014). "Poetry and Networking in High Medieval France (ca. 1100): Baudri de Bourgueil and His Scholarly Contacts". In Steckel, Sita; Gaul, Niels; Grünbart, Michael (eds.). Networks of Learning: Perspectives on Scholars in Byzantine East and Latin West, C. 1000-1200. Zurich and Berlin: LIT Verlag Münster. p. 36. ISBN 9783643904577.
  114. ^ Aird, William M. (2011). "Chapter 2: The Dutiful Son". Robert 'Curthose', Duke of Normandy (C. 1050-1134). Woodbridge, England and Rochester, NY: Boydell Press. p. 31. ISBN 9781843836605.
  115. ^ Turner, Ralph V. (1995). "The Problem of Survival for the Angevin "Empire": Henry II's and His Sons' Vision versus Late Twelfth-Century Realities". The American Historical Review. 100 (1): 78–96. doi:10.2307/2167984. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 2167984.
  116. ^ Loud, Graham A.; Schenk, Jochen (2017). The Origins of the German Principalities, 1100-1350: Essays by German Historians. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. pp. xix. ISBN 9781317022008.
  117. ^ Cohen, Adam S. (2000). The Uta Codex: Art, Philosophy, and Reform in Eleventh-Century Germany. University Park, PA: Penn State Press. p. 248. ISBN 9780271043708.
  118. ^ Wolfram, Herwig (2010). Conrad II, 990-1039: Emperor of Three Kingdoms. University Park, PA: Penn State Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780271048185.
  119. ^ Searle, William George (2012) [1897]. Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum: A List of Anglo-Saxon Proper Names from the Time of Beda to that of King John. Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 157. ISBN 9781107608641.
  120. ^ Everson, Paul; Stocker, David (2017). "Archaeology and Archiepiscopal Reform: Greater Churches in York Diocese in the 11th Century". In Hadley, Dawn M.; Dyer, Christopher (eds.). The Archaeology of the 11th Century: Continuities and Transformations. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 187. ISBN 9781315312927.
  121. ^ Atkins, Ivor (1940). "The Origin of the Later Part of the Saxon Chronicle Known as D". The English Historical Review. 55 (217): 8–26. doi:10.1093/ehr/LV.CCLXVII.8. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 554028.
  122. ^ Baumer, Christoph (2016). The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongols. Volume III. London and New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 316. ISBN 9781838609405.
  123. ^ Thomas, Joseph (2010). The Universal Dictionary of Biography and Mythology: A-clu. Cosimo Classics. Volume I: A - CLU. New York: Cosimo, Inc. p. 28. ISBN 9781616400682.
  124. ^ Leviant, Curt (2008) [1969]. Masterpieces of Hebrew Literature: Selections from 2000 Years of Jewish Creativity. Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Society. p. 241. ISBN 9780827609549.
  125. ^ Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (2010). Dictionary of Jewish Biography. London and New York: A&C Black. p. 7. ISBN 9781441197849.
  126. ^ Bonfil, Robert (2009). History and Folklore in a Medieval Jewish Chronicle: The Family Chronicle of Aḥimaʿaz ben Paltiel. Leiden and Boston: BRILL. pp. iv. ISBN 9789047427315.
  127. ^ Thomas, Joseph (2010). The Universal Dictionary of Biography and Mythology. Cosimo Classics. Volume I: A - CLU. New York: Cosimo, Inc. p. 125. ISBN 9781616400699.
  128. ^ Bak, János M. (1998), "Roles and Functions of Queens in Árpádian and Angevin Hungary (1000–1386 A.D.)", in Parsons, John Carmi (ed.), Medieval Queenship, Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 13–24, doi:10.1007/978-1-137-08859-8_2, ISBN 9781137088598
  129. ^ Wise, Leonard F.; Hansen, Mark Hillary; Egan, E. W. (2005) [1967]. Kings, Rulers, and Statesmen. New York: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 151. ISBN 9781402725920.
  130. ^ Morgan, David (2014) [1988]. Medieval Persia 1040-1797. A History of the Middle East. London and New York: Routledge. p. 26. ISBN 9781317871408.
  131. ^ al-Mulk, Niẓām (2002). The Book of Government, Or, Rules for Kings: The Siyar Al-Muluk, Or, Siyasat-nama of Nizam Al-Mulk. Translated by Darke, Hubert. London and New York: Psychology Press. pp. x. ISBN 9780700712281.
  132. ^ Alikuzai, Hamid Wahed (2013). A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes. Volume I. Victoria, Canada: Trafford Publishing. p. 172. ISBN 9781490714462.
  133. ^ Prakash, Col Ved (2007). Encyclopaedia of North-East India. Volume 1. New Delhi, India: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 120. ISBN 9788126907038.
  134. ^ Howe, John (1997). Church Reform and Social Change in Eleventh-Century Italy: Dominic of Sora and His Patrons. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 71. ISBN 9780812234121.
  135. ^ Wixom, William D. (1997). "Byzantine Art and the Latin West". In Evans, Helen C.; Wixom, William D. (eds.). The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York. pp. 46. ISBN 9780870997778.
  136. ^ Smith, Katherine Allen (2011). War and the Making of Medieval Monastic Culture. Woodbridge, England: Boydell Press. pp. 190–191. ISBN 9781843836162.
  137. ^ Peterson, Gary Dean (2016). Vikings and Goths: A History of Ancient and Medieval Sweden. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 239. ISBN 9781476662183.
  138. ^ Peterson, Gary Dean (2007). Warrior Kings of Sweden: The Rise of an Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland. p. 8. ISBN 9781476604114.
  139. ^ Sjöberg, Anders (1982-01-01). "Pop Upir' Lichoj and the Swedish rune‐carver Ofeigr Upir". Scando-Slavica. 28 (1): 109–124. doi:10.1080/00806768208600815. ISSN 0080-6765.
  140. ^ Labouvie, Eva (2016). Frauen in Sachsen-Anhalt: Ein biographisch-bibliographisches Lexikon vom Mittelalter bis zum 18. Jahrhundert (in German). Cologne, Weimar and Vienna: Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. p. 368. ISBN 9783412501280.
  141. ^ Miller, Manfred (2019). Die Münzen und Medaillen von Anhalt-Aschersleben bis zum Herzogtum Anhalt (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: BoD – Books on Demand. p. 8. ISBN 9783735785787.
  142. ^ Wieczynski, Joseph L. (1994). The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History. Volume 38. Academic International Press. p. 123. ISBN 9780875690643.
  143. ^ Rogers, Clifford J. (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Volume I. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 372. ISBN 9780195334036.
  144. ^ Böhm, Marcin (December 2018). "The Military Policy of Isaac Komnenos at the time of battle of Petroe (1057)". Open Political Science. 1 (1): 136–142. doi:10.1515/openps-2018-0011.
  145. ^ Jinsheng, Zheng; Kirk, Nalini; Buell, Paul D.; Unschuld, Paul U. (2018). Dictionary of the Ben Cao Gang Mu. Volume 3: Persons and Literary Sources. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. p. 326. ISBN 9780520291973.
  146. ^ Tzu, Sun (2005). The Art of War: Complete Texts and Commentaries. Boston and London: Shambhala Publications. p. 34. ISBN 9780834827301.
  147. ^ Wei, Shang (1994). "Prisoner and Creator: The Self-Image of the Poet in Han Yu and Meng Jiao". Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR). 16: 19–40. doi:10.2307/495305. ISSN 0161-9705. JSTOR 495305.
  148. ^ Orton, C. W. Previte (2013) [1912]. The Early History of the House of Savoy: 1000-1233. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 212. ISBN 9781107650428.
  149. ^ Nash, Penelope (2017). Empress Adelheid and Countess Matilda: Medieval Female Rulership and the Foundations of European Society. Queenship and Power. London and New York: Springer. p. 46. ISBN 9781137585141.
  150. ^ Creber, Alison (2019-04-22). "Breaking Up Is Hard To Do: Dissolving Royal and Noble Marriages in Eleventh-Century Germany". German History. 37 (2): 149–171. doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghy108. ISSN 0266-3554.
  151. ^ Graham-Leigh, Elaine (2005). The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade. Woodbridge, England: Boydell Press. p. 98. ISBN 9781843831297.
  152. ^ Palgrave, Sir Francis (1919). Palgrave, Sir Inglis (ed.). The History of Normandy and of England: The Collected Historical Writings of Sir Francis Palgrave, K. H. Volume II. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press Archive. p. 543.
  153. ^ Weis, Frederick Lewis; Sheppard, Walter Lee; Beall, William Ryland; Beall, Kaleen E. (2008) [1950]. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who Came to America Before 1700: Lineages from Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and Other Historical Individuals (Eighth ed.). Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 175. ISBN 9780806317526.
  154. ^ Vitalis, Ordericus (1969). The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis. Volume II. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. p. 363. ISBN 9780198222040.
  155. ^ Thompson, Kathleen (1985-01-01). "Family and influence to the south of Normandy in the eleventh century: the lordship of Bellême". Journal of Medieval History. 11 (3): 215–226. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(85)90025-9. ISSN 0304-4181.
This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia® - the free encyclopedia created and edited by its online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of Wikipedia® encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information, please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.

Copyright © 2003-2025 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer
All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.