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Puffball

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For other uses, see Puffball (disambiguation).
Lycoperdon perlatum
Calbovista subsculpta
Calvatia cyathiformis
Puffballs are found in several genera of the division Basidiomycota.

Puffballs are fungi, so named because clouds of brown dust-like spores are emitted when the mature fruitbody bursts or is impacted. Puffballs are in the division Basidiomycota and encompass several genera, including Calvatia, Calbovista and Lycoperdon.[1] True puffballs do not have a visible stalk or stem. The puffballs were previously treated as a taxonomic group called the Gasteromycetes or Gasteromycetidae, but they are now known to be a polyphyletic assemblage.

The distinguishing feature of all puffballs is that they do not have an open cap with spore-bearing gills. Instead, spores are produced internally, in a spheroidal fruitbody called a gasterothecium (gasteroid ('stomach-like') basidiocarp). As the spores mature, they form a mass called a gleba in the centre of the fruitbody that is often of a distinctive color and texture. The basidiocarp remains closed until after the spores have been released from the basidia. Eventually, it develops an aperture, or dries, becomes brittle, and splits, and the spores escape. The spores of puffballs are statismospores rather than ballistospores, meaning they are not forcibly extruded from the basidium. Puffballs and similar forms are thought to have evolved convergently (that is, in numerous independent events) from Hymenomycetes by gasteromycetation, through secotioid stages. Thus, 'Gasteromycetes' and 'Gasteromycetidae' are now considered to be descriptive, morphological terms (more properly gasteroid or gasteromycetes, to avoid taxonomic implications) but not valid cladistic terms.

Stalked puffballs do have a stalk that supports the gleba. None of the stalked puffballs are edible as they are tough and woody mushrooms.[2] The Hymenogastrales and Enteridium lycoperdon, a slime mold, are the false puffballs. A gleba which is powdery on maturity is a feature of true puffballs, stalked puffballs and earthstars. False puffballs are hard like rock or brittle. All false puffballs are inedible, as they are tough and bitter to taste. The genus Scleroderma, which has a young purple gleba, should also be avoided.[2]

Puffballs were traditionally used in Tibet for making ink by burning them, grinding the ash, then putting them in water and adding glue liquid and "a nye shing ma decoction", which, when pressed for a long time, made a black dark substance that was used as ink.[3]

Edibility and identification

Spores coming out of puffball fungus

While most puffballs are not poisonous, some often look similar to young agarics, and especially the deadly Amanitas, such as the death cap or destroying angel mushrooms. Young puffballs in the edible stage, before maturation of the gleba, have undifferentiated white flesh within; whereas the gills of immature Amanita mushrooms can be seen if they are closely examined. These can be very toxic.

Puffball mushrooms on sale at a market in England

The giant puffball, Calvatia gigantea (earlier classified as Lycoperdon giganteum), reaches a foot (30 cm) or more in diameter, and is difficult to mistake for any other fungus. It has been estimated that a large specimen of this fungus when mature will produce around 7 × 10¹² spores.

Not all true puffball mushrooms are without stalks. Some may also be stalked like the Podaxis pistillaris which is also called the "false shaggy mane". There are also a number of false puffballs that look similar to the true ones.[2]

Stalked puffballs

Stalked puffballs species:[2]

True puffballs

True puffballs genera and species:[2]

  • Bovista — various species, including:
    • Bovista aestivalis
    • Bovista dermoxantha
    • Bovista nigrescens
    • Bovista plumbea
  • Calvatia — various species, including:
  • Handkea — various species, including:
    • Handkea utriformis
  • Lycoperdon — various species, including:
  • Scleroderma — various species, including:
    • Scleroderma auratium
    • Scleroderma geaster – not edible[5]

False puffballs

False puffballs species:[2]

    • Endoptychum agaricoides
    • Nivatogastrium nubigenum
    • Podaxis pistillaris
    • Rhizopogon rubescens
    • Truncocolumella citrina

Classification

Lycoperdon pyriforme
Lycoperdon echinatum

Major orders:

  • Agaricales (including now-obsolete orders Lycoperdales, Tulostomatales, and Nidulariales)
    • Basidiomycetes : Agaricales : Lycoperdaceae : Calvatia
    • Basidiomycetes : Agaricales : Lycoperdaceae : Lycoperdon
      • Lycoperdon foetidum (Lycoperdon nigrescens)
      • Lycoperdon perlatum -[4]
      • Lycoperdon pulcherrimum -[4]
      • Lycoperdon pusillum
      • Lycoperdon pyriforme
    • Basidiomycetes : Agaricales : Lycoperdaceae : Vascellum
      • Vascellum curtisii -[4]
      • Vascellum pratense - edible when interior is white[6]
  • Geastrales and Phallales (related to Cantharellales),
    • Basidiomycetes : Phallales : Geastraceae : Geastrum
  • Sclerodermatales (related to Boletales)
  • and various false-truffles (hypogaeic gasteromycetes) related to different hymenomycete orders.

Similarly, the true truffles (Tuberales) are gasteroid Ascomycota. Their ascocarps are called tuberothecia.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Freedman, Louise; Mycological Society of San Francisco (2000) [1987]. "Wild About Mushrooms:Puffballs". Archived from the original on 2008-09-28. Retrieved 2008-08-03.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Miller, Orson K. (1977). Mushrooms of North America. New York, NY: E.P. Dutton Publisher. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-525-47482-1.
  3. ^ Cuppers, Christoph (1989). "On the Manufacture of Ink." Ancient Nepal - Journal of the Department of Archaeology, Number 113, August–September 1989, p. 5.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Kuo, M. (February 2006). "Puffballs". MushroomExpert.Com. Archived from the original on 2008-09-21. Retrieved 2008-08-03.
  5. ^ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 335. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
  6. ^ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 333. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.

References

External links

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