Particle detector

In experimental and applied particle physics, nuclear physics, and nuclear engineering, a particle detector, also known as a radiation detector, is a device used to detect, track, and/or identify ionizing particles, such as those produced by nuclear decay, cosmic radiation, or reactions in a particle accelerator. Detectors can measure the particle energy and other attributes such as momentum, spin, charge, particle type, in addition to merely registering the presence of the particle.

Examples and types

Summary of particle detector types

Many of the detectors invented and used so far are ionization detectors (of which gaseous ionization detectors and semiconductor detectors are most typical) and scintillation detectors; but other, completely different principles have also been applied, like Čerenkov light and transition radiation.

Cloud chambers visualize particles by creating a supersaturated layer of vapor. Particles passing through this region create cloud tracks similar to condensation trails of planes

Recording of a bubble chamber at CERN

Historical examples

Bubble chamber
Wilson cloud chamber (diffusion chamber)
Photographic plate

Detectors for radiation protection

The following types of particle detector are widely used for radiation protection, and are commercially produced in large quantities for general use within the nuclear, medical, and environmental fields.

Dosimeter
Electroscope (when used as a portable dosimeter)
Gaseous ionization detector
Scintillation counter
Semiconductor detector

Commonly used detectors for particle and nuclear physics

Gaseous ionization detector
- Ionization chamber
- Proportional counter
  - Multiwire proportional chamber
  - Drift chamber
  - Time projection chamber
  - Micropattern gaseous detector
- Geiger–Müller tube
- Spark chamber
Solid-state detectors:
- Semiconductor detector and variants including CCDs
  - Silicon Vertex Detector
- Solid-state nuclear track detector
- Cherenkov detector
  - Ring-imaging Cherenkov detector (RICH)
- Scintillation counter and associated photomultiplier, photodiode, or avalanche photodiode
  - Lucas cell
  - Time of flight detector
- Transition radiation detector
Calorimeter
Microchannel plate detector
Neutron detector

Modern detectors

Modern detectors in particle physics combine several of the above elements in layers much like an onion.

Research particle detectors

Detectors designed for modern accelerators are huge, both in size and in cost. The term counter is often used instead of detector when the detector counts the particles but does not resolve its energy or ionization. Particle detectors can also usually track ionizing radiation (high energy photons or even visible light). If their main purpose is radiation measurement, they are called radiation detectors, but as photons are also (massless) particles, the term particle detector is still correct.

At colliders

At CERN
- for the LHC
  - CMS
  - ATLAS
  - ALICE
  - LHCb
- for the LEP
  - Aleph [1]
  - Delphi[2]
  - L3
  - Opal[3]
- for the SPS
At Fermilab
- for the Tevatron
  - CDF
  - D0
- Mu2e
At DESY
- for HERA
  - H1
  - HERA-B
  - HERMES
  - ZEUS
At BNL
- for the RHIC
  - PHENIX
  - Phobos
  - STAR
At SLAC
- for the PeP-II
  - BaBar
- for the SLC
  - SLD
At Cornell
- for CESR
  - CLEO
  - CUSB
At BINP
- for the VEPP-2M and VEPP-2000
  - ND
  - SND
  - CMD
- for the VEPP-4
  - KEDR
Others
- MECO from UC Irvine

Under construction

For International Linear Collider (ILC)
- CALICE (Calorimeter for Linear Collider Experiment)

Without colliders

Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA)
Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS)
Super-Kamiokande
XENON

On spacecraft

Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS)
JEDI (Jupiter Energetic-particle Detector Instrument)

References

Jones, R. Clark (1949). "A New Classification System for Radiation Detectors". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 39 (5): 327–341. doi:10.1364/JOSA.39.000327.
Jones, R. Clark (1949). "Erratum: The Ultimate Sensitivity of Radiation Detectors". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 39 (5): 343. doi:10.1364/JOSA.39.000343.
Jones, R. Clark (1949). "Factors of Merit for Radiation Detectors". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 39 (5): 344–356. doi:10.1364/JOSA.39.000344.