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The Zhenotdel[1] (Russian: Женотдел, IPA: [ʐɨnɐdʲˈdʲel]), the women's department of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), was the section of the Russian Communist party devoted to women's affairs in the 1920s. It gave Women in the Russian Revolution new opportunities until it was closed in 1930.
History
The Zhenotdel was established by two Russian feminist revolutionaries, Alexandra Kollontai and Inessa Armand, in 1919. It was devoted to improving the conditions of women's lives throughout the Soviet Union, fighting illiteracy, and educating women about the new marriage, education, and working laws put in place by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In Soviet Central Asia, the Zhenotdel also spearheaded efforts to improve the lives of Muslim women through literacy and educational campaigns, and through "de-veiling" campaigns.[2]
The Zhenotdel persuaded the Bolsheviks to legalise abortion in Russia, the first country in the world to do so. The Bolsheviks legalised aborting in November 1920. This was the first time in world history that women had won the right to free abortions in state hospitals.[3]
The leaders of the Zhenotdel were committed communists, and worked as part of the Soviet state apparatus. Historian Elizabeth Wood has argued that the organization took an active interest in women's problems, and initially served as a conduit for women's issues from the people to the state.[4] The Zhenotdel was shut down in 1930, in accordance with the then-dominant theory among the members of the Zhenotdel that all women's issues in the Soviet Union had been "solved" by the eradication of private property and the nationalization of the means of production.[5]
Leaders
Zhenotdel had five leaders during its 11 years of existence:[6]
- 1919−1920: Inessa Armand
- 1920−1921: Alexandra Kollontai
- 1922−1924: Sofia Smidovic
- 1924−1925: Klavdiya Nikolayeva
- 1925−1930: Aleksandra Artyukhina
See also
- Kommunistka
- Women in the Russian Revolution
- Communist Women's International
- Polina Zhemchuzhina
References
- ^ A syllabic abbreviation for "women's department" (Russian: Женский отдел, tr. zhenskii otdel).
- ^ Gregory J. Massell, The Surrogate Proletariat: Moslem Women and Revolutionary Strategies in Soviet Central Asia, 1919-1929, Princeton: Princeton University Press, [1978] 2015
- ^ Porter, Cathy (1987). Women in Revolutionary Russia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 0-521-31969-2.
- ^ Elizabeth Wood (1997). The Baba and the Comrade: Gender and Politics in Revolutionary Russia. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-11658-1.
- ^ Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993
- ^ Carmen Scheide (2002). Kinder, Küche, Kommunismus. Pano Verlag. p. 13. ISBN 3-907576-26-8.
Further reading
- Clements, B. E. (1992). The Utopianism of the Zhenotdel. Slavic Review, 51(3), pp. 485-496. doi:10.2307/2500056.
- Cox, J. (2019). The Women's Revolution: Russia 1905–1917. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books.
- Hayden, C. (1976). The Zhenotdel and the Bolshevik Party. Russian History, 3(2), pp.150-173.
- Massell, G. J. (1974). The Surrogate Proletariat: Moslem Women and Revolutionary Strategies in Soviet Central Asia, 1919-1929. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Ruthchild, R. G. (2010). Equality and Revolution: Women's Rights in the Russian Empire, 1905-1917. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
- ———. (2010) Women's Suffrage and Revolution in the Russian Empire, 1905-1917. In Offen, K. (Ed.). Globalizing Feminisms, 1789-1945. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 257-274.
- Stites, R. (1976). Zhenotdel: Bolshevism and Russian Women, 1917-1930. Russian History, 3(2), pp. 174-193.
- Stites, R. (1978). The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilism, and Bolshevism, 1860-1930. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Wood, E. (1997). The Baba and the Comrade Gender and Politics in Revolutionary Russia. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
External links
- Early Bolshevik Work Among Women of the Soviet East (details the work of Zhenotdel activists)