| Verbenaceae | |
|---|---|
) | |
| Flowers, fruit and (right) leaves of a Lantana cultivar | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Verbenaceae J.St.-Hil.[1] |
| Synonyms [1] | |
| |
The Verbenaceae (/ˌvɜːrbɪˈneɪsiaɪ, -iː/ VUR-bin-AY-see-e(y)e) are a family — the verbena family or vervain family — of mainly tropical flowering plants. It contains trees, shrubs, and herbs notable for heads, spikes, or clusters of small flowers, many of which have an aromatic smell.[2]
Recent phylogenetic studies[3] have shown that numerous genera traditionally classified in Verbenaceae belong instead in Lamiaceae. The new, narrowly circumscribed, family Verbenaceae includes some 35 genera and 1,200 species.[4][5] The mangrove genus Avicennia, sometimes placed in the Verbenaceae[6] or in its own family, Avicenniaceae,[7] has been placed in the Acanthaceae.[4]
Economically important Verbenaceae include:
- Lemon verbena (Aloysia triphylla), grown for aroma or flavoring
- Verbenas or vervains (Verbena), some used in herbalism, others grown in gardens
Genera
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Golden dew drops (Duranta erecta)
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Frog fruit (Phyla nodiflora)
)
Glandularia pulchella in Kerala
The genera in the new, narrowly circumscribed, family:[8]
- Acantholippia Griseb.
- Aloysia Palau – beebrushes
- Baillonia Bocq.
- Bouchea Cham.
- Burroughsia
- Casselia Nees & Mart.
- Chascanum E.Mey
- Citharexylum L. – fiddlewoods
- Coelocarpum Balf.f.
- Diostea Miers
- Dipyrena Hook.
- Duranta L.
- Glandularia J.F.Gmel.
- Hierobotana Briq.
- Junellia Moldenke
- Lampayo F.Phil. ex Murillo
- Lantana L. – shrub verbenas, lantanas
- Lippia L.
- Mulguraea N.O’Leary & P.Peralta
- Nashia Millsp.
- Neosparton Griseb.
- Parodianthus Tronc.
- Petrea L. – sandpaper vines
- Phyla Lour. – fogfruits
- Pitraea Turcz.
- Priva Adans.
- Recordia Moldenke
- Rehdera Moldenke
- Rhaphithamnus Miers
- Stachytarpheta Vahl (synonym: Ubochea)
- Stylodon Raf.
- Tamonea Aubl.
- Urbania
- Verbena L. – verbenas/vervains
- Verbenoxylum Tronc.
- Xeroaloysia Tronc.
- Xolocotzia Miranda
Excluded genera
Various genera formerly included in the family Verbenaceae are now treated under other families:[9]
- Moved to Acanthaceae
- Avicennia L.
- Moved to Lamiaceae
- Amasonia L.f.
- Brachysola (F.Muell.) Rye
- Callicarpa L.
- Caryopteris Bunge
- Chloanthes R.Br.
- Clerodendrum L.
- Congea Roxb.
- Cornutia L.
- Cyanostegia Turcz.
- Dicrastylis J.Drumm. ex Harv.
- Discretitheca P.D.Cantino
- Faradaya F.Muell.
- Garrettia H.R.Fletcher
- Glossocarya Wall. ex Griff.
- Gmelina L.
- Hemiphora (F.Muell.) F.Muell.
- Holmskioldia Retz.
- Hosea Ridl.
- Hymenopyramis Wall. ex Griff.
- Kalaharia Baill.
- Karomia Dop
- Lachnostachys Hook.
- Mallophora Endl.
- Monochilus Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
- Newcastelia F.Muell.
- Oncinocalyx F.Muell.
- Oxera Labill.
- Peronema Jack
- Petitia Jacq.
- Petraeovitex Oliv.
- Physopsis Turcz.
- Pityrodia R.Br.
- Premna L.
- Pseudocarpidium Millsp.
- Pseudocaryopteris P.D.Cantino
- Rotheca Raf.
- Schnabelia Hand.-Mazz.
- Spartothamnella Briq.
- Sphenodesme Jack
- Symphorema Roxb.
- Tectona L.f.
- Teijsmanniodendron Koord.
- Teucridium Hook.f.
- Tripora P.D.Cantino
- Vitex L.
- Moved to Oleaceae
- Dimetra Kerr
- Nyctanthes L.
- Moved to Orobanchaceae
- Asepalum Marais
- Cyclocheilon Oliv.
- Nesogenes A.DC.
- Moved to Phrymaceae
- Phryma L.
- Moved to Stilbaceae
- Campylostachys Kunth
- Euthystachys A.DC.
- Stilbe P.J.Bergius
- Thesmophora Rourke
References
- ^ a b "Family: Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil., nom. cons". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-04-12. Archived from the original on 2012-09-15. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
- ^ Stevens, P. F. (July 12, 2012). "Verbenaceae". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
- ^ Cantino, P.D., Harley, R.M. & Wagstaff, S.J. 1992. Genera of Labiatae: status and classification. Pp. 511-522. In Harley, R.M. & Reynolds, T. (eds) Advances in Labiate Science. Richmond, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ a b "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website - Lamiales". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
- ^ Heywood, V.H., Brummitt, R.K., Culham, A. & Seberg, O. 2007: Flowering Plant Families of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ Grandtner, Miroslav M. (2005). Elsevier's Dictionary of Trees: With Names in Latin, English, French, Spanish and Other Languages. 1. Elsevier. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-444-51784-5.
- ^ Nelson, Gil (1994). The Trees of Florida: a Reference and Field Guide. Pineapple Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-56164-055-3.
- ^ "GRIN Genera of Verbenaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2004-11-18. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
- ^ "GRIN genera sometimes placed in Verbenaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2004-11-18. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
External links
Media related to Verbenaceae at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Verbenaceae at Wikispecies- Verbenaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF
- Verbenaceae in BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database
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