A quantum jump is the abrupt transition of a quantum system (atom, molecule, atomic nucleus) from one quantum state to another, from one energy level to another. When the system absorbs energy, there is a transition to a higher energy level (excitation), when the system loses energy, there is a transition to a lower energy level.
The concept was introduced by Niels Bohr.
A quantum jump is a phenomenon that is peculiar to quantum systems and distinguishes them from classical systems, where any transitions are performed gradually. In quantum mechanics, such jumps are associated with the non-unitary evolution of a quantum-mechanical system during measurement.
A quantum jump can be accompanied by the emission or absorption of photons; energy transfer during a quantum jump can also occur by non-radiative resonant energy transfer or in collisions with other particles.
In modern physics, the concept of a quantum jump is rarely used, as a rule scientists speak of transitions between quantum states or energy levels.
Atomic electron transition
Atomic electron transitions cause the emission or absorption of photons. Their statistics are Poissonian, and the time between jumps is exponentially distributed.[1] The damping time constant (which ranges from nanoseconds to a few seconds) relates to the natural, pressure, and field broadening of spectral lines. The larger the energy separation of the states between which the electron jumps, the shorter the wavelength of the photon emitted.
Molecular electronic transition
References
- ^ Deléglise, S. "Observing the quantum jumps of light" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 7, 2010. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
Sources
- Are there quantum jumps?
- «There are no quantum jumps, nor are there particles!» by H. D. Zeh, Physics Letters A172, 189 (1993).
- Gleick, James Gleick (October 21, 1986). "Physicists Finally Get To See the Quantum Jump". New York Times. New York City. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
- Der Quantensprung im Bohrschen Atommodell Frühe Quantenphysik
- Der Quantensprung Die zweifelhafte Karriere eines Fachausdrucks (ZEIT 1996)
- M.B. Plenio und P.L. Knight The Quantum Jump Approach to Dissipative Dynamics in Quantum Optics, vgl. auch Rev. Mod. Phys. 70 101–144 (1998). (Beschreibung der Dynamik offener Systeme mittels Quantensprüngen)
- Historisches zum Quantensprung, Sommerfeld und Einstein 1911