Proboscidea

Proboscidea Temporal range: Middle Paleocene-Holocene 60.0–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
African bush elephant, Loxodonta africana
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Clade:	Tethytheria
Order:	Proboscidea Illiger, 1811
Subclades
†Eritherium †Moeritherium †Saloumia †Plesielephantiformes Elephantiformes

The Proboscidea (/prɒbəˈsɪdiːə/, from the Greek προβοσκίς and the Latin proboscis) are a taxonomic order of afrotherian mammals containing one living family (Elephantidae) and several extinct families. First described by J. Illiger in 1811, it encompasses the elephants and their close relatives.^[1] From the mid-Miocene onwards, most proboscideans were very large. The largest land mammal of all time may have been a proboscidean; Palaeoloxodon namadicus was up to 5.2 m (17.1 ft) at the shoulder and may have weighed up to 22 t (24.3 short tons), almost double the weight of several sauropods including Diplodocus carnegii and Apatosaurus louisae.^[2] The largest extant proboscidean is the African bush elephant, with a record of size of 4 m (13.1 ft) at the shoulder and 10.4 t (11.5 short tons).^[2] In addition to their enormous size, later proboscideans are distinguished by tusks and long, muscular trunks, which were less developed or absent in early proboscideans.

Evolution

The earliest known proboscidean is Eritherium,^[3] followed by Phosphatherium,^[4] a small animal about the size of a fox. Both date from late Paleocene deposits of Morocco.

Woolly mammoth and American mastodon

Proboscideans evolved in Africa, where they increased in size and diversity during the Eocene and early Oligocene. Several primitive families from these epochs have been described, including the Numidotheriidae, Moeritheriidae, and Barytheriidae, all found exclusively in Africa. The Anthracobunidae from the Indian subcontinent were also believed to be a family of proboscideans, but were excluded from the Proboscidea by Shoshani and Tassy (2005)^[5] and have more recently been assigned to the Perissodactyla.^[6] When Africa became connected to Europe and Asia after the shrinking of the Tethys Sea, proboscideans migrated into Eurasia, with some families eventually reaching the Americas. Proboscideans found in Eurasia as well as Africa include the Deinotheriidae, which thrived during the Miocene and into the early Quaternary, Stegolophodon, an early genus of the disputed family Stegodontidae; the highly diverse Gomphotheriidae and Amebelodontidae; and the Mammutidae, or mastodons.

Most proboscideans are now extinct, including all species endemic to the Americas, Europe, and northern Asia. Many of these extinctions occurred during or shortly after the last glacial period. Recently extinct species include the gomphotheres in the Americas, the American mastodon of family Mammutidae in North America, numerous stegodonts in Asia, the mammoths throughout the Northern Hemisphere, and several species of dwarf elephants found on various islands scattered around the world.^[7]

Classification

Below is an unranked taxonomy of proboscidean genera as of 2019.^{[5][8][9][10]}

• Proboscidea Illiger, 1811
  • †Eritherium Gheerbrant, 2009
  • †Moeritherium Andrews, 1901
  • †Saloumia Tabuce et al., 2019
  • †Plesielephantiformes Shoshani et al., 2001
    • †Numidotheriidae Shoshani & Tassy, 1992
      • †Phosphatherium Gheerbrant et al., 1996
      • †Arcanotherium Delmer, 2009
      • †Daouitherium Gheerbrant & Sudre, 2002
      • †Numidotherium Mahboubi et al., 1986
    • †Barytheriidae Andrews, 1906
      • †Omanitherium Seiffert et al., 2012
      • †Barytherium Andrews, 1901
    • †Deinotheriidae Bonaparte, 1845
      • †Chilgatherium Sanders et al., 2004
      • †Prodeinotherium Ehik, 1930
      • †Deinotherium Kaup, 1829
  • Elephantiformes Tassy, 1988
    • †Eritreum Shoshani et al., 2006
    • †Hemimastodon Pilgrim, 1912
    • †Palaeomastodon Andrews, 1901
    • †Phiomia Andrews & Beadnell, 1902
    • Elephantimorpha Tassy & Shoshani, 1997
      • †Mammutidae Hay, 1922
        • †Losodokodon Rasmussen & Gutierrez, 2009
        • †Eozygodon Tassy & Pickford, 1983
        • †Zygolophodon Vacek, 1877
        • †Sinomammut Mothé et al., 2016
        • †Mammut Blumenbach, 1799
      • Elephantida Tassy & Shoshani, 1997
        • †Choerolophodontidae Gaziry, 1976
          • †Afrochoerodon Pickford, 2001
          • †Choerolophodon Schlesinger, 1917
        • †Amebelodontidae Barbour, 1927
          • †Afromastodon Pickford, 2003
          • †Progomphotherium Pickford, 2003
          • †Eurybelodon Lambert, 2016
          • †Serbelodon Frick, 1933
          • †Archaeobelodon Tassy, 1984
          • †Protanancus Arambourg, 1945
          • †Amebelodon Barbour, 1927
          • †Konobelodon Lambert, 1990
          • †Torynobelodon Barbour, 1929
          • †Aphanobelodon Wang et al., 2016
          • †Platybelodon Borissiak, 1928
        • †Gomphotheriidae Hay, 1922
          • †Gomphotherium Burmeister, 1837
          • †Blancotherium May, 2019
          • †Gnathabelodon Barbour & Sternberg, 1935
          • †Eubelodon Barbour, 1914
          • †Stegomastodon Pohlig, 1912
          • †Sinomastodon Tobien et al., 1986
          • †Notiomastodon Cabrera, 1929
          • †Rhynchotherium Falconer, 1868
          • †Cuvieronius Osborn, 1923
        • Elephantoidea Gray, 1821
          • †Anancidae Hay, 1922
            • †Anancus Aymard, 1855
            • †Morrillia Osborn, 1924
            • †Paratetralophodon Tassy, 1983
            • †Pediolophodon Lambert, 2007
            • †Tetralophodon Falconer, 1857
          • †Stegodontidae Osborn, 1918
            • †Stegolophodon Schlesinger, 1917
            • †Stegodon Falconer, 1857
          • Elephantidae Gray, 1821
            • †Stegotetrabelodontinae Aguirre, 1969
              • †Stegodibelodon Coppens, 1972
              • †Stegotetrabelodon Petrocchi, 1941
              • †Selenotherium Mackaye, Brunet & Tassy, 2005
            • Elephantinae Gray, 1821
              • †Primelephas Maglio, 1970
              • Loxodonta Anonymous, 1827
              • †Palaeoloxodon Matsumoto, 1924
              • †Mammuthus Brookes, 1828
              • Elephas Linnaeus, 1758

References

Bibliography

• Nowak, Ronald M. (1999), Walker's Mammals of the World (6th ed.), Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8, LCCN 98023686
• Haynes, Gary (1993), Mammoths, Mastodonts, and Elephants: Biology, Behavior and the Fossil Record (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521456913