Oppenheimer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
In arts and media
- Alan Oppenheimer (born 1930), film actor
- Andrés Oppenheimer (born 1951), Argentine author and journalist known for his analysis of Latin American politics
- Jerry Oppenheimer, American biographer
- Jess Oppenheimer (1913–1988), radio & TV writer who created "I Love Lucy"
- Joel Oppenheimer (1930–1988), American writer
- Joshua Oppenheimer (born 1974), American film director
- Lillian Oppenheimer (1898–1992), American origami pioneer
- Max Oppenheimer (1885–1954), Austrian painter and graphic artist
- Stephen Oppenheimer (born 1947), popular science writer in prehistory
In business
Minerals
- Bernard Oppenheimer (1866–1921), South African and British diamond merchant and philanthropist, brother of Ernest
- Ernest Oppenheimer (1880–1957), diamond and gold mining entrepreneur and financier; controlled De Beers and founded the Anglo American Corporation of South Africa, brother of Bernard
- Harry Frederick Oppenheimer (1908–2000), South African businessman of De Beers Consolidated Mines Limited, son of Ernest
- Nicky Oppenheimer (born 1945), chairman of De Beers and of The Diamond Trading Company, son of Harry
Other businesses
- Damon Oppenheimer (born 1962), Vice President and Director of Amateur Scouting for the New York Yankees
- Joseph Süß Oppenheimer (1698–1738), financial adviser to Karl Alexander, Duke of Württemberg
- Samuel Oppenheimer (1635–1703), Jewish banker
- Peter Oppenheimer, senior vice president and chief financial officer of Apple Computer
In government and law
- Charles Cuprill Oppenheimer (1916 – 2011), lawyer and Rotary District Governor for Puerto Rico
- David Oppenheimer (1834–1897), second mayor of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Kay Oppenheimer, member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
- Santiago Oppenheimer (1869 – ca. 1930), mayor of Ponce, Puerto Rico, in 1906.
- Suzi Oppenheimer (born 1934), former New York politician.
In science and academia
- Clive Oppenheimer (born 1964), British volcanologist
- Daniel M. Oppenheimer, professor of psychology at UCLA
- Frank Oppenheimer (1912–1985), American physicist, brother of J. Robert Oppenheimer, founder of the Exploratorium in San Francisco
- Franz Oppenheimer (1864–1943), German sociologist and political economist
- Hillel Oppenheimer (1899–1971), Israeli professor of botany, son of Franz
- Jane M. Oppenheimer (1911–1996), American embryologist and historian of science
- J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904–1967), American physicist who headed the Manhattan Project, known as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb"
- Michael Oppenheimer, American professor of geosciences at Princeton University, authority on climate change
- Rebecca Oppenheimer (born 1972), American astrophysicist
- Stephen Oppenheimer (born 1947), British popular science writer in prehistory
In other fields
- Damon Oppenheimer (born 1962), Vice President and Director of Amateur Scouting for the New York Yankees
- David Oppenheim (rabbi) (1664–1736), also called Oppenheimer, rabbi of Prague and bibliophile
- Isabel la Negra (1901–1974), also known as Isabel Luberza Oppenheimer, Puerto Rican criminal
- Josh Oppenheimer (born 1970), Israeli-American professional basketball coach, and former professional basketball player
- Thomas Oppenheimer (born 1988), a German professional ice hockey player