.jpg')) Woman playing the kamancheh in the painting "Musical banquet" by Ibrahim Jabbar-Beik (1923-2002) | |
| String instrument | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Kamancha, Kamanche, Kemancheh, Kamanjah, Kabak kemane |
| Classification | Bowed Strings |
| Playing range | |
| g3-e7 | |
| Related instruments | |
| Musicians | |
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| Builders | |
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| Art of crafting and playing with Kamantcheh/Kamancha, a bowed string musical instrument | |
|---|---|
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage | |
| Country | Azerbaijan and Iran |
| Reference | 1286 |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 2017 (13th session) |
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The kamancheh (also kamānche or kamāncha) (Persian: کمانچه, Azerbaijani: kamança, Kurdish: کەمانچە ,kemançe) is an Iranian bowed string instrument used in Persian,[1] Azerbaijani[2] and Kurdish music.[3] The kamanchech is related to the rebab which is the historical ancestor of the kamancheh and the bowed Byzantine lyra.[4] The strings are played with a variable-tension bow. It is widely used in the classical music of Iran, Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan with slight variations in the structure of the instrument.[5]
In 2017, the art of crafting and playing with Kamantcheh/Kamancha was included into the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists of Azerbaijan and Iran.[6]
Name and etymology
The word "kamancheh" means "little bow" in Persian (kæman, bow, and -cheh, diminutive).[7] The Turkish word kemençe is borrowed from Persian, with the pronunciation adapted to Turkish phonology. It also denotes a bowed string instrument, but the Turkish version differs significantly in structure and sound from the Persian kamancheh. There is also an instrument called kabak kemane literally "pumpkin-shaped bow instrument" used in Turkish music which is only slightly different from the Iranian kamancheh.[8]
Structure
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The kamancheh has a long neck including fingerboard which kamancheh maker shapes it as a truncated inverse cone for easy bow moving in down section, pegbox in both side of which four pegs are placed, and finial[9] Traditionally kamanchehs had three silk strings, but modern instruments have four metal strings. Kamanchehs may have highly ornate inlays and elaborately carved ivory tuning pegs. The body has a long upper neck and a lower bowl-shaped resonating chamber made from a gourd or wood, usually covered with a membrane made from the skin of a lamb, goat or sometimes a fish, on which the bridge is set. From the bottom protrudes a spike to support the kamancheh while it is being played, hence in English, the instrument is sometimes called the spiked fiddle. It is played sitting down held like a cello though it is about the length of a viol. The end-pin can rest on the knee or thigh while the player is seated in a chair.
Kamancheh is usually tuned like an ordinary violin (G, D, A, E).
Notable kamancheh players
- Habil Aliyev
- Mehdi Bagheri
- Ali-Asghar Bahari
- Mark Eliyahu
- Kayhan Kalhor
- Ardeshir Kamkar
- Sayat-Nova
See also
- List of bowed stringed instruments
- Music of Iran
- Music of Azerbaijan
- Byzantine lira
- Haegeum
- Rebab
- Silk Road Ensemble
References
- ^ Global Minstrels: Voices of World Music. Elijah Wald. 2012. p. 227. ISBN 9781135863685.
- ^ "Kamancha". UNESCO.
In the Republic of Azerbaijan it constitutes a major element of classical and folkloric music, and performances occupy a central place in a wide number of social and cultural gatherings.
- ^ "Iranian Kurdish musician wins prestigious award". Kurdistan24. 19 August 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ^ "Iranian string instrument 'Kamancheh' to be inscribed on UNESCO list". 11 April 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
- ^ "Pastimes of Central Asians. Musicians. A Man Practising the Kamancha, a Long-necked Stringed Instrument". World Digital Library. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- ^ "Art of crafting and playing with Kamantcheh/Kamancha, a bowed string musical instrument". UNESCO.
- ^ loghatnaameh.com. "کمانچه – پارسی ویکی". Archived from the original on 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Kabak kemane ve Kemancha hakkında rehber". Archived from the original on 2017-12-14. Retrieved 2014-07-05.
- ^ Ch, R. A. M.; 51, Rakausika राम च (2013-03-08). "The Masters of Kamanche". A World Heritage Of Native Music. Retrieved 2017-05-16.
Further reading
- Blum, Stephen (2010). "KAMĀNČA". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 4. pp. 434–437.
- Libin, Laurence, ed. (2014). "Kamāncheh [k'aman, kamanche, kemence] (Pers. 'little bow')". The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments (2 ed.). Oxford University Press.