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Greeble.
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The Greebles refers to an invented category of novel objects used as stimuli in psychological studies of object and face recognition. They were named by the psychologist Robert Abelson.[2] The greebles were created for Isabel Gauthier's dissertation work at Yale,[3] so as to share constraints with faces: they have a small number of parts in a common configuration. Greebles have appeared in psychology textbooks,[4][5] and in more than 25 scientific articles on perception (see below). They are often used in mental rotation task experiments.
The Greebles study is remarkable because Gauthier[1] demonstrated that, after training participants on the many aspects of Greebles, the fusiform face area (FFA) in the participants' brains responded just as well to Greebles as it did to human faces. This suggests that we can improve our ability to recognize faces and objects, and that the FFA is not strictly used for recognizing human faces.[5]
Footnotes
- ^ a b Gauthier, Tarr (1997), p.1674
- ^ Gauthier, Tarr (1997), p.1673
- ^ Gauthier (1998)
- ^ John R. Anderson (2005). Cognitive Psychology and its Implications. Worth Publishers. Here: sect.2.1.4 on Face Recognition
- ^ a b E. Bruce Goldstein (2007). Sensation and Perception. Belmont/CA: Wadsworth / Thomson Learning Company. Here: sect.4.5 on Evolution and Plasiticity
References
- Gauthier, I.; Tarr, M. J. (1997). "Becoming a "Greeble" expert: Exploring mechanisms for face recognition" (PDF). Vision Research. 37 (12): 1673–1682. doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(96)00286-6. PMID 9231232.
- Isabel Gauthier (1998). Dissecting face recognition: The role of expertise and level of categorization in object recognition (Ph.D.). Yale University.
- Williams, P.; Gauthier, I.; Tarr, M. J. (1998). "Feature learning during the acquisition of perceptual expertise" [Commentary on Schyns, Goldstone & Thibault. The development of features in object concepts]". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 21 (1): 40–41. doi:10.1017/S0140525X98510102.
- Gauthier, I.; Williams, P.; Tarr, M. J.; Tanaka, J. (1998). "Training "Greeble" experts: A framework for studying expert object recognition processes" (PDF). Vision Research. 38 (15–16): 2401–2428. doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(97)00442-2. PMID 9798007.
- Abelson, RP; Dasgupta, N; Park, J. Banaji; MR (1998). "Perceptions of the collective other" (PDF). Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 45 (10): 1213–23.
- Gauthier, I.; Tarr, M.J.; Anderson, A.W.; Skudlarski, P.; Gore, J. C. (1999). "Activation of the middle fusiform "face area" increases with expertise in recognizing novel objects" (PDF). Nature Neuroscience. 2 (6): 568–573. doi:10.1038/9224. PMID 10448223.
- Tarr, M. J.; Gauthier, I. (2000). "FFA: A flexible fusiform area for subordinate-level visual processing automatized by expertise" (PDF). Nature Neuroscience. 3 (8): 764–769. doi:10.1038/77666. PMID 10903568.
- Rossion, B.; Gauthier, I.; Tarr, M.J.; Despland, P.; Bruyer, R; Linotte, S.; Crommelinck, M. (2000). "The N170 occipito-temporal component is delayed and enhanced to inverted faces but not to inverted objects: an electrophysiological account of face-specific processes in the human brain" (PDF). NeuroReport. 11 (1): 69–74. doi:10.1097/00001756-200001170-00014. PMID 10683832.
- Rossion, B.; Gauthier, I; Goffaux, V.; Tarr, M.J.; Crommelinck, M. (2002). "Expertise training with novel objects leads to left lateralized face-like electrophysiological responses". Psychological Science. 13 (3): 250–257. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.20.5865. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00446. PMID 12009046.
- Gauthier, I., & Tarr., M. J. (2002). "Unraveling mechanisms for expert object recognition: Bridging Brain Activity and Behavior", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 28(2): 431-446.
- James, T. W.; Gauthier, I. (2003). "Auditory and action semantic feature types activate sensory-specific perceptual brain regions" (PDF). Current Biology. 13 (20): 1792–6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2003.09.039. PMID 14561404.
- Duchaine, B. C.; Dingle, K.; Butterworth, E. Nakayama (2004). "Normal greeble learning in a severe case of developmental prosopagnosia" (PDF). Neuron. 43 (4): 469–73. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.006. PMID 15312646.
- Palmeri, T. J.; Gauthier, I. (2004). "Visual Object Understanding" (PDF). Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 5 (4): 291–303. doi:10.1038/nrn1364. PMID 15034554. Archived from the original on 2006-09-02.
- Gauthier, I.; Behrmann, M.; Tarr, M. J. (2004). "Are Greebles like faces? Using the neuropsychological exception to test the rule" (PDF). Neuropsychologia. 42 (14): 1961–70. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.04.025. PMID 15381026.
- Rossion, B.; Kung, C.C.; Tarr, M. J. (2004). "Visual expertise with nonface objects leads to competition with the early perceptual processing of faces in the human occipitotemporal cortex". PNAS. 42 (14): 1961–70. doi:10.1073/pnas.0405613101. PMC 521961. PMID 15448209.
- Behrmann, M.; Marrota, J.; Gauthier, I.; Tarr, M.J.; McKeef, T. J. (2005). "Behavioral change and its neural correlates in visual agnosia after expertise training". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 17 (4): 554–68. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.631.895. doi:10.1162/0898929053467613. PMID 15829077.
- James, T.W.; Shima, D.W.; Tarr, M.J.; Gauthier, I. (2005). "Generating complex three-dimensional stimuli (Greebles) for haptic expertise training" (PDF). Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers. 37 (2): 353–8. doi:10.3758/bf03192703.
- Vuong, Qc; Peissig, JJ; Harrison, MC; Tarr, MJ (2005). "The role of surface pigmentation for recognition revealed by contrast reversal in faces and Greebles" (PDF). Vision Research. 45 (10): 1213–23. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2004.11.015. PMID 15733955.
- Wagar, B. M.; Dixon, M. J. (2005). "Past experience influences object representation in working memory". Brain and Cognition. 57 (3): 248–256. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2004.08.054. PMID 15780458.
- Cox, D.D.; Meier, P.; Oertelt, N.; DiCarlo, J. J. (2005). "'Breaking' position-invariant object recognition" (PDF). Nature Neuroscience. 8 (9): 1145–1147. doi:10.1038/nn1519.
- Bukach, C. M.; Bub, D. N.; Gauthier, I.; Tarr, M. J. (2006). "Perceptual expertise effects are not all or none: Spatially limited perceptual expertise for faces in a case of prosopagnosia". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 18 (1): 48–63. doi:10.1162/089892906775250094. PMID 16417682.
- Behrmann, M.; Avidan, G.; Leonard, G.L.; Kimchi, R.; Luna, B.; Humphreys, K; Minshew, N. (2006). "Configural processing in autism and its relationship to face processing" (PDF). Neuropsychologia. 44: 110–129. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.04.002. PMID 15907952. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-17. Retrieved 2014-03-16.
- Lahaie, A.; Mottron, L.; Arguin, M.; Berthiaume, C.; Jemel, B.; Saumier, D. (2006). "Face perception in high-functioning autistic adults: evidence for superior processing of face parts, not for a configural face-processing deficit". Neuropsychology. 20 (1): 30–41. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.20.1.30.
- Wolley, A.W., Hackman, J.R., Jerde, T.E., Chabris, C.F., Bennett, S.L., Koslyn, S.M. (2007). "Using brain-based measures to compose teams: how individual capabilities and team collaboration strategies jointly shape performance". Soc. Neurosci. 2(2): 96-105.
- Hoffman, K.L.; Ghazanfar, A.A.; Gauthier, I.; Logothetis, N.K. (2008). "Category-specific responses to faces and objects in primate auditory cortex". Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 1: 2. doi:10.3389/neuro.06.002.2007. PMC 2526270. PMID 18958243.
- Scherf, K.S.; Behrmann, M.; Minshew, N.; Luna, B. (2008). "Atypical development of face and greeble recognition in autism". Psychiatry. 49 (8): 838–47. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01903.x. PMC 3071970. PMID 18422548.
- Richler, J.J.; Tanaka, J.W.; Brown, D.D.; Gauthier, I. (2008). "Why does selective attention to parts fail in face processing?". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 34 (6): 1356–1368. doi:10.1037/a0013080. PMID 18980400.
- Richler, J.J.; Bukach, C.M.; Gauthier, I. (2009). "Context influences holistic processing of nonface objects in the composite task". Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics. 71 (3): 530–540. doi:10.3758/APP.71.3.530. PMC 3732490. PMID 19304644.