| Saturniinae | |
|---|---|
) | |
| Female Columbia silkmoth (Hyalophora columbia: Attacini) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Saturniidae |
| Subfamily: | Saturniinae |
| Tribes | |
| |
The Saturniinae or saturniines are a subfamily of the family Saturniidae.[1] They are commonly known as emperor moths or wild silk moths. They are easily spotted by the eyespots on the upper surface of their wings. Some exhibit realistic eye-like markings, whilst others have adapted the eyespots to form crescent moon or angular shapes or have lost their wing scales to create transparent windows. They are medium to very large moths, with adult wingspans ranging from 7.5 to 15 cm, in some cases even more. They consist of some of the largest groups of Lepidoptera like the moon or luna moth, atlas moth, and many more. The Saturniinae is an important source of wild silk and human food in many different cultures.[2]
The saturniine genera, approximately 169 in number, are divided into four major and one minor (Micragonini) tribes. The genus Adafroptilum presently consists of a group of species with undetermined relationships.
Adults in the Saturniinae typically live about 5–12 days and are mostly nocturnal, excluding males in four of the subfamilies. The moths do not eat during their short lives and their mouths are not fully formed. In some species of Saturniinae, there is unmistakable sexual dimorphism. The females in these subfamilies can weigh almost double that of the males, are larger in size, and have larger wings.[3]
The Saturniinae's eggs are oblong and are laid flat against each other in clusters. Once hatched, the larval period lasts about 78 days. They typically pass through five larval instars (excluding egg, pupa and adult), although some may have more. The pupal stage takes place in an often yellowish cocoon. In this stage, they resemble small wooden barrels in shape and color.[4]
Genera and selected species
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Tribe Attacini
- Archaeoattacus
- Attacus
- Attacus atlas – Atlas moth
- Attacus dohertyi
- Attacus erebus
- Attacus lorquinii
- Callosamia
- Callosamia angulifera – tuliptree silkmoth
- Callosamia promethea – promethea silkmoth
- Coscinocera
- Coscinocera hercules – Hercules moth
- Epiphora
- Eupackardia
- Eupackardia calleta – calleta silkmoth
- Hyalophora
- Hyalophora euryalus – ceanothus silkmoth
- Hyalophora cecropia – cecropia moth
- Hyalophora columbia – Columbia silkmoth
- Hyalophora gloveri – Glover's silkmoth
- Rothschildia Grote, 1896
- Rothschildia jacobaeae
- Rothschildia maurus
- Samia
- Samia cynthia – ailanthus silkmoth
Tribe Bunaeini Packard, 1902
- Athletes
- Aurivillius
- Bunaea
- Bunaea alcinoe – cabbage tree emperor moth
- Bunaeopsis
- Cinabra
- Cirina
- Eochroa
- Gonimbrasia
- Gonimbrasia belina – mopane moth, mopane worm
- Gynanisa
- Heniocha
- Imbrasia
- Leucopteryx
- Lobobunaea
- Melanocera
- Nudaurelia
- Protogynanisa
- Pseudimbrasia
- Pseudobunaea
- Rohaniella
- Ubaena
Tribe Micragonini Cockerell in Packard, 1914
- Carnegia
- Decachorda
- Goodia
- Holocerina
- Ludia
- Micragone
- Orthogonioptilum
- Pseudoludia
- Vegetia
Tribe Saturniini Boisduval, 1837
- Actias – Asian-American moon moths
- Agapema (sometimes included in Saturnia)
- Agapema anona
- Agapema homogena
- Antheraea – tussar moths
- Antheraea polyphemus – Polyphemus moth
- Antheraeopsis
- Argema – African moon moths
- Argema mimosae – African moon moth
- Argema mittrei – comet moth
- Caligula (sometimes included in Saturnia or Rinaca)
- Calosaturnia (sometimes included in Saturnia)
- Ceranchia
- Copaxa
- Cricula
- Eudia (mostly included in Saturnia)
- Graellsia
- Graellsia isabellae – Spanish moon moth
- Lemaireia
- Loepa
- Loepa katinka – golden emperor moth
- Loepantheraea
- Neodiphthera
- Neoris (mostly included in Saturnia)
- Opodiphthera
- Pararhodia
- Perisomena (sometimes included in Saturnia)
- Rhodinia
- Rinaca
- Saturnia – typical emperor moths
- Saturnia zuleika
- Solus
- Syntherata
Tribe Urotini
- Antherina
- Antistathmoptera
- Eosia
- Eudaemonia
- Maltagorea
- Parusta
- Pselaphelia
- Pseudantheraea
- Pseudaphelia
- Sinobirma
- Tagoropsis
- Urota
- Usta
- Adafroptilum
References
- ^ Savela, Markku. "Saturniinae". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
- ^ REGIER, JEROME C.; GRANT, MICHAEL C.; MITTER, CHARLES; COOK, CHRISTOPHER P.; PEIGLER, RICHARD S.; ROUGERIE, RODOLPHE (2008-02-04). "Phylogenetic relationships of wild silkmoths (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) inferred from four protein-coding nuclear genes". Systematic Entomology. 33 (2): 219–228. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2007.00416.x. ISSN 0307-6970.
- ^ Albertoni, Fabiano F.; Mielke, Carlos G. C.; Duarte, Marcelo; Albertoni, Fabiano F.; Mielke, Carlos G. C.; Duarte, Marcelo (July 19, 2018). "Saturniid moths (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea) from an Atlantic Rain Forest fragment in southeastern Brazil". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 90 (3): 2827–2844. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201820170629. ISSN 0001-3765. PMID 30043907.
- ^ Moraes, S. S.; Otero, L. S.; Freitas, A. V. L. (December 16, 2016). "Natural History and Comparative Morphology of Immatures of Gamelia anableps (C. Felder & R. Felder) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae, Hemileucinae)". Neotropical Entomology. 46 (4): 397–408. doi:10.1007/s13744-016-0473-z. ISSN 1519-566X. PMID 27987160.