| Dionycha | |
|---|---|
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| Marpissa muscosa | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Clade: | Entelegynae |
| Clade: | Dionycha |
| Diversity[1] | |
| About 20 families | |
The Dionycha are a clade of spiders (Araneomorphae:Entelegynae), characterized by the possession of two tarsal claws with tufts of hairs (setae) beside them, which produce strong adhesion, enabling some species to climb glass.[2] The circumscription of the group has varied widely; a 2014 analysis resulted in about 20 families, including Salticidae (jumping spiders), Thomisidae (crab spiders), and Clubionidae.[1] Spiders in this group have better senses (sight, hearing) than others, some even show courtship dances and songs.
The Dionycha are now considered to be a subgroup of the larger RTA clade.[2] Most species hunt their prey instead of building webs.
There are no cribellate members in the Dionycha.[3]
Today it is thought that the reduction of the third claw present in ancestral spiders evolved several times independently,[1] so this alone is not a criterion that defines the clade.
Families
In 2014, Martín J. Ramírez published a major study of the phylogeny of Dionycha. He included the families listed below, where * means that the family may not be monophyletic or there is some other reason why its inclusion is not straightforward. Two subclades were found: the "OMT clade", marked by the possession of an oblique median tapetum, and the "CTC clade", nested within the OMT clade, marked by a particular kind of claw tuft clasper.[1]
- Dionycha
- Anyphaenidae*
- Clubionidae*
- Corinnidae*
- Cheiracanthiidae
- Miturgidae
- Philodromidae
- Salticidae
- Selenopidae
- Sparassidae
- Thomisidae
- OMT clade
- Lamponidae
- Liocranidae* (in part: the Teutamus Group)
- CTC clade
- Ammoxenidae
- Cithaeronidae
- Gallieniellidae
- Gnaphosidae
- Phrurolithidae
- Trachelidae
- Trochanteriidae*
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d Ramírez (2014).
- ^ a b Garrison, Nicole L.; Rodriguez, Juanita; Agnarsson, Ingi; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Griswold, Charles E.; Hamilton, Christopher A.; Hedin, Marshal; Kocot, Kevin M.; Ledford, Joel M. & Bond, Jason E. (2015). "Spider phylogenomics: untangling the Spider Tree of Life". PeerJ. 3: e1852. doi:10.7717/peerj.1719. PMC 4768681. PMID 26925338.
- ^ Griswold et al. 1999
References
- Bosselaers, J.; Jocqué, R. (2002). "Studies in Corinnidae: cladistic analysis of 38 corinnid and liocranid genera, and transfer of Phrurolithinae". Zoologica Scripta. 31: 241–270. doi:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2002.00080.x.
- Coddington, J. A.; Levi, H. W. (1991). "Systematics and evolution of spiders (Araneae)". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 22: 565–592. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.003025.
- Griswold, C.E.; Coddington, J.A.; Platnick, N.I.; Forster, R.R. (1999). "Towards a Phylogeny of Entelegyne Spiders (Araneae, Araneomorphae, Entelegynae)" (PDF). Journal of Arachnology. 27: 53–63.
- Ramírez, M. (2014). The morphology and phylogeny of Dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2015-10-31.