The critical relative humidity (CRH) of a salt is defined as the relative humidity of the surrounding atmosphere (at a certain temperature) at which the material begins to absorb moisture from the atmosphere and below which it will not absorb atmospheric moisture.
When the humidity of the atmosphere is equal to (or is greater than) the critical relative humidity of a sample of salt, the sample will take up water until all of the salt is dissolved to yield a saturated solution. All water-soluble salts and mixtures have characteristic critical humidities; it is a unique material property.
The critical relative humidity of most salts decreases with increasing temperature. For instance, the critical relative humidity of ammonium nitrate decreases 22% with a temperature from 0°C to 40°C (32°F to 104°F).
The critical relative humidity of several fertilizer salts is given in table 1:
| Salt | Critical Relative Humidity (%) |
|---|---|
| Calcium nitrate | 46.7 |
| Ammonium nitrate | 59.4 |
| Sodium nitrate | 72.4 |
| Urea | 72.5 |
| Ammonium chloride | 77.2 |
| Ammonium sulfate | 79.2 |
| Diammonium phosphate | 82.5 |
| Potassium chloride | 84.0 |
| Potassium nitrate | 90.5 |
| Monoammonium phosphate | 91.6 |
| Monocalcium phosphate | 93.6 |
| Potassium sulfate | 96.3 |
Table 1: Critical relative humidities of pure salts at 30°C.
Mixtures of salts usually have lower critical humidities than either of the constituents. Fertilizers that contain Urea as an ingredient usually exhibit a much lower Critical Relative Humidity than Fertilizers without Urea. Table 2 shows CRH data for two-component mixtures:
| --- | Ammonium nitrate | Urea | Ammonium sulfate | Potassium chloride |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ammonium nitrate | --- | 18.1 | 62.3 | 67.9 |
| Urea | 18.1 | --- | 56.4 | 60.3 |
| Ammonium sulfate | 62.3 | 56.4 | --- | 71.3 |
| Potassium chloride | 67.9 | 60.3 | 71.3 | --- |
Table 2: Critical relative humidities of mixtures of salts at 30°C (values are percent relative humidity).
As shown, the effect of salt mixing is most dramatic in the case of ammonium nitrate with urea. This mixture has an extremely low critical relative humidity and can therefore only be used in liquid fertilisers (so called UAN-solutions).
See also
References
- Adams, J.R.; Merz, A.R. (1929). "Hygroscopicity of Fertilizer Materials and Mixtures". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 21 (4): 305–307.