Bamberger is a Bavarian and Southern German toponymic surname, and it indicates someone from Bamberg in Bavaria. Notable people with the surname include:
- Ana Maria Bamberger (born 1966), Romanian physician and playwright
- Ármin Vámbéry (born Bamberger) (1832–1913), Hungarian orientalist
- Bernard Jacob Bamberger (1904-1980), American rabbi and Biblical scholar
- Cyril Stanley Bamberger (1919–2008), Battle of Britain pilot
- Eugen Bamberger (1857–1932), German chemist
- Florence E. Bamberger (1882–1965), American pedagogue
- Fritz Bamberger (painter) (1814–1873), German painter
- Fritz Bamberger (scholar) (1902–1984), German Jewish scholar
- Heinrich von Bamberger, Austrian physician
- George Bamberger (1923–2004), American baseball player
- Jakob Bamberger (1913–1989), German boxer and Porajmos survivor
- Lesley Bamberger (born 1965/1966), Dutch billionaire, owner of Kroonenberg Groep
- Louis Bamberger (1855-1944), founder of the Institute for Advanced Study
- Bamberger's, retail store that he founded
- Ludwig Bamberger (1823–1899), German deputy, political economist and founder of Deutsche Bank
- Michael Bamberger (born 1960), writer
- Seligman Baer Bamberger (1807–1878), German rabbi, author and educator
- Simon Bamberger (1846–1926), U.S. politician, governor of Utah (1917–1921)
Bamberger may also refer to a citizen of the German city of Bamberg or to organisations connected with that city:
- Bamberg Symphony Orchestra (Bamberger Symphoniker)