){kind=logo} | |
| Paradigm | Array |
|---|---|
| Designed by | Arthur Whitney |
| Developer | Morgan Stanley |
| First appeared | 1988 |
| Stable release | 4.22-1 / March 27, 2008 |
| Typing discipline | Dynamic, strong |
| License | GNU General Public License |
| Filename extensions | .., .+, .a, .m[1] |
| Website | www |
| Major implementations | |
| A+ | |
| Influenced by | |
| APL | |
| Influenced | |
| K | |
A+ is an array programming language descended from the programming language A, which in turn was created to replace APL in 1988.[2] Arthur Whitney developed the A portion of A+, while other developers at Morgan Stanley extended it, adding a graphical user interface and other language features. A+ is a high-level, interactive, interpreted language, designed for numerically intensive applications, especially those found in financial applications. A+ runs on many Unix variants, including Linux. It is free and open source software released under a GNU General Public License.
A+ provides an extended set of functions and operators, a graphical user interface with automatic synchronizing of widgets and variables, asynchronous executing of functions associated with variables and events, dynamic loading of user compiled subroutines, and other features. A newer graphical user interface has not yet been ported to all supported platforms
The A+ language implements the following changes to the APL language:
- an A+ function may have up to nine formal parameters
- A+ code statements are separated by semicolons, so a single statement may be divided into two or more physical lines
- The explicit result of a function or operator is the result of the last statement executed
- A+ implements an object called a dependency, which is a global variable (the dependent variable) and an associated definition that is like a function with no arguments. Values can be explicitly set and referenced in exactly the same ways as for a global variable, but they can also be set through the associated definition.
Interactive A+ development is primarily done in the Xemacs editor, through extensions to the editor. Because A+ code uses the original APL symbols, displaying A+ requires a font with those special characters; a font named kapl is provided on the web site for that purpose.
Arthur Whitney went on to create a proprietary array language named K. Like J, K omits the APL character set. It lacks some of the perceived complexities of A+, such as the existence of statements and two different modes of syntax.
References
- ^ "A+ Reference: Appendix: Quick Reference". Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ "A+: History of A+". www.aplusdev.org. Retrieved 2019-01-18.
External links
- Official website, A+ Development.org