Wikipedia

1160s

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
  • 1160
  • 1161
  • 1162
  • 1163
  • 1164
  • 1165
  • 1166
  • 1167
  • 1168
  • 1169
Categories:

The 1160s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1160, and ended on December 31, 1169.

Events

1160

By place

Byzantine Empire
  • Spring – Emperor Manuel I (Komnenos) sends an embassy led by John Kontostephanos to Jerusalem, to ask King Baldwin III to nominate one of the princesses of the Crusader States, as a bride for the widowed emperor. Their two candidates are 15-year-old Maria of Antioch, and Melisende of Tripoli. Baldwin suggests Melisende, and her brother Count Raymond III sets about gathering an enormous dowry. The ambassadors are not satisfied, and delay the marriage for over a year. They hear rumours about Melisende's birth, based on her mother's (Countess Hodierna of Jerusalem) infidelity, and therefore Melisende's possible illegitimacy.[1]
Europe
  • January 25 – Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) captures Crema after a 6-month siege, as part of his campaign against the independent Italian city-states. Some 20,000 survivors are allowed to leave the city with whatever they could carry before Crema is looted and burnt to the ground.[2] The expense of the siege (over 2,000 silver marks) and Frederick's determination to enforce it over the winter, demonstrates his ability to hold troops in the field and to keep his allies on side.[3]
  • May 18 – Erik Jedvardsson (Eric IX) is murdered, after which his murderer Magnus Henriksen proclaims himself king of Sweden as Magnus II. He is murdered in turn the following year, however. Erik is soon worshipped as a saint. Though never formally canonized by Pope Alexander III, he eventually becomes the patron saint of Sweden.
  • A plot of land at Miholjanec is donated to the Knights Templar, who build a monastery in nearby Zdelia. This is the earliest historical mention of the Templars in Croatia and Hungary.[4]
  • Spital am Semmering (modern Austria) is founded by Margrave Ottokar III. He erects a hospital and completes the colonization of the area around the Traisen and Gölsen rivers.
  • Autumn – Within weeks of the death of his second wife, Queen Constance of Castile, King Louis VII marries Adela of Champagne, daughter of Count Theobald II (the Great).
  • A large Portuguese offensive begins in the Alentejo region, against the Almoravids.[5] The city of Tomar is founded by Gualdim Pais, Grand Master of the Knights Templar.
Levant
  • Autumn – Raynald of Châtillon, prince of Antioch, makes a plundering raid in the valley of the Euphrates at Marash to seize cattle, horses and camels from the local peasants. On his way back to Antioch, he and his retinue are attack by Zangid warriors. Raynald is unhorsed and captured, and sent to Aleppo where he is put in jail.[6]
Africa
  • The Almohads conquer Mahdia (modern Tunisia) from the Normans after an important naval success near the city, against Christian reinforcements coming from Sicily.[7]
  • A commercial treaty, between the Almohad Caliphate and the Republic of Pisa, opens the North African ports to Tuscan merchants (approximate date).
Asia

By topic

Education

1161

By place

Europe
  • February 3 – Battle of Oslo: King Inge I (the Hunchback) is defeated and killed, while fighting the forces of Haakon II (the Broadshouldered). He is succeeded by Haakon with the 5-year-old Magnus V as co-ruler, but not without challenges to his sovereignty.
  • Magnus II (Henriksson), pretender to the Swedish throne, is murdered by Charles VII (or Karl), who becomes king of Sweden (until 1167).
  • An Almoravid offensive against the Kingdom of Portugal reaches the city of Almada (located on the Tagus River).[9]
Asia
England

By topic

Religion
  • The Cross of Euphrosyne, commissioned by Euphrosyne of Polotsk, is created by craftsman Lazar Bohsa (The cross later went missing during World War II, and has not been recovered).

1162

By place

Europe
  • March 6 – German forces led by Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) capture Milan, much of the city is destroyed three weeks later on the emperor's orders. The fortifications are demolished, and the churches are destroyed. The population is dispersed and the commune abolished.[10] The fate of Milan leads to the submission of Brescia, Piacenza, and many other northern Italian cities.[11]
  • July 7 – Norwegian forces under the pretender Magnus V (Erlingsson) defeat the 15-year-old King Haakon II (Sigurdsson), who is killed in battle in Romsdal after a 5-year reign.
  • July 15 – Ladislaus II, duke of Bosnia, is declared king of Hungary and Croatia. He is crowned by Archbishop Mikó and grants one-third of the kingdom to his brother, Stephen IV.
England
Africa
  • The Almohad emir, Abd al-Mu'min, prepares a gigantic fleet of some four hundred ships to invade Al-Andalus (modern Spain). He dies the following year, before the fleet is completed.[12]
China
  • July 24 – Emperor Gao Zong becomes embroiled in war again as hostilities resume with the Jurchen-led Jin Dynasty (or Great Jin) after 21 years of peace. Another peace treaty is signed, Gao abdicates the throne in favor of his adopted son Xiao Zong. The smaller Southern Song empire becomes richer than the Song Dynasty.

By topic

Religion
  • The Beisi Pagoda (or North Temple Pagoda) is completed during the Song Dynasty.

1163

1164

By place

Europe
England
Levant
Africa
  • A commercial treaty grants access to Almohad-dominated ports to merchants from several European powers, including Marseille and Savona.[31]
Asia

By topic

Markets
  • The Venice secures its loans against fiscal revenues, to obtain lower interest rates. In the first operation of this kind, the Republic obtains 1150 silver marci, for 12 years of the taxes levied on the Rialto market.[32]
Religion
  • April 20 – Antipope Victor IV dies at Rome and is succeeded by Paschal III , who has gained election through the influence of Archchancellor Rainald of Dassel.
  • August 5 – Uppsala is recognized as the seat of the Swedish metropolitan, with the coronation of its first archbishop Stefan, by Pope Alexander III.
  • King Olaf II of Norway is canonized as Saint Olaf by Alexander III, making him a universally recognised saint of the Catholic Church.
  • Rainald of Dassel brings relics of the Three Magi, from Milan to Cologne as a gift for Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa).

1165

By place

Byzantine Empire
  • Spring – Emperor Manuel I (Komnenos) makes an alliance with Venice against Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa), who takes an oath at the Diet of Würzburg to support Antipope Paschal III against Pope Alexander III.
  • Andronikos Komnenos, a cousin of Manuel I, escapes from prison at Constantinople. After passing through many dangers, he reaches Kiev and seeks refuge at the court of Prince Yaroslav Osmomysl.
Europe
Britain
  • King Owain ap Gruffydd (the Great) of Gwynedd forms an alliance with his nephew Rhys ap Gruffydd, prince of Deheubarth, to challenge English rule. They drive the English forces out of Wales.
  • Battle of Crogen: King Henry II invades Wales, but is defeated and forced to retreat. After Welsh forces under Owain ap Gruffydd inflict an unknown number of casualties on the English army.
  • Henry II's marriage with Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine is effectively ended when she moves back to Aquitaine. Henry begins an affair with Rosamund Clifford.
  • December 9 – King Malcolm IV dies at Jedburgh after a 12-year reign and is succeeded by his brother William I (the Lion) as ruler of Scotland (until 1214).
Asia
  • September 5 – Emperor Nijō abdicates the throne and dies after a 7-year reign. He is succeeded by his 1-year-old son Rokujō as the 79th emperor of Japan.
  • In China the Jin Dynasty (Great Jin) and the Song Dynasty make a lasting peace (until 1205).

By topic

Religion

1166

By place

Byzantine Empire
  • Emperor Manuel I (Komnenos) asks Venice to help pay the costs of defending Sicily, whose Norman rulers have had good relations with Venice. Doge Vitale II Michiel refuses to pay the requested subsidy. Manuel begins to cultivate relationships with the main commercial rivals of Venice: Genoa and Pisa. He grants them their own trade quarters in Constantinople, very near to the Venetian settlements.
Europe
  • May 7 – King William I (the Wicked) of Sicily dies at Palermo after a 12-year reign. He is succeeded by his 12-year-old son William II (the Good), whose mother, Margaret of Navarre, will be regent until he comes of age.
  • Battle of Pantina: The Byzantines intervene on behalf of Grand Prince Tihomir of Serbia against his rebellious brother, Prince Stefan Nemanja, who defeats the Byzantine forces and becomes Grand Župan of Serbia.
  • Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, has the Brunswick Lion created at Dankwarderode Castle in Braunschweig (modern Germany). Mentioned by Albert of Stade, a German abbot and chronicler, as the year of origin.
  • July 5 – The town of Bad Kleinkirchheim (modern Austria) is first mentioned, in an ecclesiastical document, in which Archbishop Conrad II of Salzburg confirms the donation of a chapel, nearby Millstatt Abbey.
  • Autumn – Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) begins his fourth Italian campaign, hoping to secure the claim of Antipope Paschal III in Rome and the coronation of his wife Beatrice I as Holy Roman Empress.
  • Mieszko III (the Old) proclaims an Prussian crusade against the pagans and pressures the collaboration of Frederick I. He leaves Greater Poland in the hands of his younger brother Casimir II (the Just).
England
  • Diarmaid mac Murchadha is exiled and goes to Normandy, and the court of King Henry II to ask for assistance in retaking his kingdom. Henry gives him permission to find a willing army from either England or Wales.
  • Richard de Clare (Strongbow), 2nd Earl of Pembroke, and his half-brothers Robert FitzStephen and Maurice FitzGerald, agree to help Diarmaid mac Murchadha in return for Diarmaid's daughter's hand in marriage.
  • Cartae Baronum ("Charters of the Barons"), a survey commissioned by the Treasury requiring each baron to declare how many knights he had enfeoffed.
  • Summer – Henry II invades and conquers Brittany to punish the local Breton barons. He grants the territory to his 7-year-old son Geoffrey.[34]
  • Henry II enacts the Assize of Clarendon, reforming English law, with the aim of improving the justice process, including the jury system.[29]
  • William Marshal, a Norman statesman, described as "the greatest knight that ever lived", is knighted while on campaign in Normandy.
Ireland
  • Muirchertach mac Lochlainn, High King of Ireland, is killed. He is succeeded by Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, king of Connacht, who defeats Diarmaid mac Murchadha (or Dermot) in battle, another ruler in eastern Ireland.

1167

By place

Europe
Egypt
  • March 18 – Battle of Al-Babein: A second Zangid army (some 12,000 men) under General Shirkuh and his nephew Saladin marches towards Egypt, but is met by the combined Crusader-Fatimid forces led by King Amalric of Jerusalem. After skirmishing down the Nile, the Crusaders are defeated near Giza and forced to retreat to Cairo.[37]
  • May–June – Saladin leads the defence of Alexandria against the Crusader-Fatimid forces. He takes command over the garrison (plus some 1,000 cavalry), and the army's sick and wounded.[38]
  • August 4 – Amalric I accepts a peace treaty and enters at the head of the Crusader army Alexandria. Saladin and his troops are escorted out with full military honours, and retreats to Syria.[39]
Ireland
England
Asia
  • Taira no Kiyomori becomes the first samurai to be appointed Daijo Daijin, chief minister of the government of Japan.

By topic

Religion
  • Absalon, Danish archbishop and statesman, leads the first synod at Lund. He is granted land around the city of "Havn" (modern-day Copenhagen) and fortifies the coastal defence against the Wends.

1168

By place

Levant
  • Late Summer – King Amalric I of Jerusalem, and Byzantine emperor Manuel I (Komnenos), negotiate an alliance against Fatimid-Egypt. Archbishop William of Tyre is among the ambassadors sent to Constantinople, to finalize the treaty.
  • Autumn – William IV, count of Nevers, arrives in Palestine with a contingent of elite knights. In Jerusalem he is present during a council with Amalric and other nobles to decide for an expedition to Egypt.
  • October 20 – Amalric I invades Egypt again from Ascalon, sacking Bilbeis and threatening Cairo. In November, a Crusader fleet sails up the Nile and arrives in Lake Manzala, sacking the town of Tanis.[41]
  • Nur al-Din, Zangid ruler (atabeg) of Aleppo, sends an expedition under General Shirkuh to Egypt on request of the Fatimid caliph Al-Adid. He offers him a third of the land, and fiefs for his generals.[42]
Egypt
  • December 22 – Afraid that the Egyptian capital Fustat (modern-day Old Cairo) will be captured by Crusader forces, its Fatimid vizier, Shawar, orders the city set afire. The capital burns for 54 days.
Europe
Asia
  • April 9 – Emperor Rokujō is deposed by his grandfather, retired-Emperor Go-Shirakawa, after an 8-month reign. He is succeeded by his 6-year-old uncle, Takakura, as the 80th emperor of Japan.
  • Yuanqu County (known as Wanting County) in China is destroyed by a flood of the Yellow River.

By topic

Religion

1169

By place

Byzantine Empire
  • Late Summer – Emperor Manuel I (Komnenos) sends a embassy to Egypt to demand tribute, and threatens the country with war when they refuse to pay it. The Byzantine fleet under Admiral Andronikos Kontostephanos sets out from the Hellespont; 60 war galleys are sent to Palestine. with money for "the knights of Jerusalem". Andronikos with the rest of the fleet sails to Cyprus, at which he defeats a patrolling squadron of 6 Fatimid ships.[45]
Europe
  • Spring – Gerald the Fearless, Portuguese warrior and knight, receives the support of King Afonso I (the Great). The Almohad caliph, Abu Yaqub Yusuf, manages to broker an alliance with King Ferdinand II against Afonso. The allies manage to besiege Badajoz, and finally take both Afonso and Gerald prisoner.[46]
  • King Henry II of England and Louis VII sign a peace treaty which includes the betrothal of their respective heirs, the 11-year-old Richard I and the 8-year-old Alys of France (or Alice).[47]
  • Andrey Bogolyubsky, Grand Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal, sacks Kiev (with help from allies) and makes Vladimir the capital of Kievan Rus'. He installs relatives on the throne at Kiev.
  • During the Swedish power struggle, Boleslaw is killed, but his brother Kol continues as ruler of Östergötland (until 1173), in opposition to King Knut I (Eriksson) of Sweden.
  • February 4 – 1169 Sicily earthquake: An earthquake with an estimated magnitude of around 7 strikes the eastern coast of Sicily, causing an estimated 15,000 deaths.
England
  • Henry II makes an effort to end the striffe between him and his wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, in order that he may dally in western Herefordshire with his mistress, Rosamund Clifford, the daughter of Walter de Clifford. He divides the succession to his kingdom among his four sons, Henry the Young King, Richard I, Geoffrey II and John.
Ireland
  • May – Norman invasion of Ireland: Anglo-Norman mercenaries land at the request of King Diarmaid mac Murchadha (Dermot).[48] Among those arriving is Richard de Clare (a vassal of Henry II), who has made an alliance with exiled Diarmaid mac Murchadha to help him regain the throne of Leinster. This begins the period of Anglo-Norman dominance of Ireland.
Egypt
  • Spring – An Zangid expedition under General Shirkuh accompanied by his nephew Saladin invades Egypt. King Amalric I of Jerusalem orders his fleet to return to Acre and retreats with the Crusaders back to Palestine.
  • January 8 – Shirkuh enters Cairo, leaving the Zangid army encamped outside the city. He goes to the palace, where the 18-year-old Fatimid caliph Al-Adid welcomes him with ceremonial gifts and promised money.[49]
  • January 18 – Shawar, Fatimid vizier and de facto ruler, is invited to join Shirkuh on a pilgrimage to the tomb of Al-Shafi'i. Underway he and his escort is taken prisoner, on orders from Al-Adid Shawar is decapitated.[50]
  • March 23 – Shirkuh dies from over-eating after a 2-month reign.[51] He is succeeded by Saladin, who is appointed chief vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate. He takes over as commander of Nur al-Din's forces in Egypt.[52]
  • Summer – Saladin invites his brother Turan-Shah to join him in Cairo. He brings with him his family and retinue but also a substantial army provided by Nur al-Din. Turan-Shah is welcomed by Al-Adid as a friend.[53]
  • August 23 – Saladin crushes a rebellion by Sudanese forces (50,000 men) of the Fatimid army, along with a number of Egyptian emirs and commoners. He never again had to face a military uprising from Cairo.[54]
  • Winter – Saladin supported by reinforcements from Nur al-din, defeats a Crusader-Byzantine force under Amalric I near Damietta. During the 3-month siege, the Crusaders are forced to retreat to Palestine.[55]

By topic

Art and Science
  • Eleanor of Aquitaine leaves the English court of Henry II, to establish her own court in Poitiers. It will become known as a center of courtly love. Richard I accompanies his mother and is made heir to Aquitaine.

Significant people

Julias|Date expression: June 2

Births

1160

1161

1162

1163

1164

1165

1166

1167

1168

1169

Deaths

1160

1161

1162

1163

1164

1165

1166

1167

1168

1169


References

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