Wikipedia

1030s

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
  • 1030
  • 1031
  • 1032
  • 1033
  • 1034
  • 1035
  • 1036
  • 1037
  • 1038
  • 1039
Categories:

The 1030s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1030, and ended on December 31, 1039.

Events

1030

By place

Byzantine Empire
  • Emperor Romanos III Argyros decides to retaliate upon the incursions of the Muslims on the eastern frontier. He leads a Byzantine expeditionary force (20,000 men) to secure Antioch. The Mirdasid emir Shibl al-Dawla Nasr of Aleppo sues for peace, but Romanos refuses to negotiate and leads his army against Aleppo, against the advice of his generals. The Byzantine army encamps near Azaz, where they are encircled by the Mirdasids' Bedouin troops, who cut off the Byzantines from food and water.
  • 10 August – Romanos orders a retreat to Antioch. As the army is exhausted from the heat and the lack of supplies, the retreat soon turns into a flight in panic. Romanos returns to Constantinople in humiliation but his generals on the eastern frontier manage to salvage the situation: a Fatimid attack on Maraqiya is repulsed, and Azaz itself is captured in December after a brief siege. In April/May 1031, Emir Nasr of Aleppo agreed to vassal and tributary status with Byzantium.[1]
Europe
  • June – Emperor Conrad II (the Elder) leads an invasion into Hungary. He plunders the lands west of the River Rába, but suffers from consequences of the scorched earth tactics used by the Hungarians. Conrad, threatened by starvation, is forced to retreat back to Germany. King Stephen I pursues his forces, which are defeated and captured by the Hungarians at Vienna.
  • July 29 – Battle of Stiklestad: King Olaf II Haraldsson (St. Olaf) attempts to reconquer Norway with help from King Anund Jakob of Sweden. He is defeated by a superior Norwegian peasant and Danish army (14,000 men). Olaf is killed in the battle, he is later canonized and becomes the patron saint of Norway and Rex perpetuum Norvegiae ('the eternal king of Norway').
  • The first mention is made of Tartu, Estonia, as Grand Prince Yaroslav I (the Wise) of Novgorod and Kiev defeats the Chuds, and founds a fort named Yuryev (modern-day Tartu).[2]
  • The first mention is made of Thalwil, Switzerland, which is derived from Tellewilare, and indicates the early medieval origins of Thalwil as an Alemannic farmstead.
  • Henry I revolts against his father King Robert II (the Pious) in a civil war over power and property. Robert's army is defeated, and he retreats to Beaugency.
Asia
  • April 30 – Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni dies after a 28-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Mas'ud I who seizes the throne of the Ghaznavid Empire, which includes much of Afghanistan, Iran and India.
  • Ouyang Xiu, a Chinese historian and scholar, obtains his jinshi degree at the age of 23, by passing the imperial examinations in the country, leading him into a distinguished path as a scholar-official.

1031

By place

Europe
  • July 20 – King Robert II (the Pious) dies at Melun, after a 35-year reign. He is succeeded by his 23-year-old son, Henry I, who becomes the sole ruler of France. Henry's mother, Queen dowager Constance of Arles, prefers her third son, Robert, as heir to the throne and, with the help of Count Odo II, begins a war against Henry.[3]
  • The Caliphate of Córdoba collapses after years of infighting; the caliphate fractures into a number of independent Muslim taifa (kingdoms). The last Umayyad ruler, Caliph Hisham III, tries to consolidate the caliphate, but his raising of taxes (to pay for mosques) leads to heavy opposition and he is imprisoned by his rivals.[4]
  • King Mieszko II is forced to escape Poland after an attack of Grand Prince Yaroslav I (the Wise) of Kiev, who installs Mieszko's half-brother Bezprym onto the Polish throne.
  • France suffers from a famine (until 1033).[5]
Middle East
  • The Byzantine general George Maniakes captures Edessa from the Arab Muslims and stabilizes the eastern frontier.

1032

By place

Byzantine Empire
Europe
  • September 6 – King Rudolph III dies without any heirs. He bequeaths his entire dominions to Emperor Conrad II (the Elder), dispatching to him the Holy Lance and ring of St. Maurice, symbols of Burgundian investiture.
  • Odo II, count of Champagne, invades Burgundy and seizes most of the kingdom for himself.[6] With the assistance of Humbert I of Savoy, Queen-dowager Ermengarde (Rudolph III's widow) flees to the safety of Zürich.
  • Winter – Conrad II marches with his army into Champagne and devastes the land – forcing Odo II to sue for peace and swear to abandon Burgundy. The bishops prevent Conrad from seizing control of Burgundy.
  • The first mention is made of Kursk, Russia, in the hagiography of Theodosius, who becomes a monk at the Kiev Caves Monastery (approximate date).

By topic

Religion

1033

By place

Europe
  • February 2 – Emperor Conrad II (the Elder) holds an assembly at the Abbey of Payerne and is crowned King of Burgundy. He claims dominion over the Kingdom of Arles which is incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire.[7]
  • Treaty of Merseburg: Conrad II attends a Hoftag at Merseburg and signs an agreement with King Mieszko II. He divides Poland in three parts with Mieszko designated as supreme ruler, in exchange for Conrad's support.

By topic

Religion
  • Panic spreads throughout Europe that the end of the universe may be near,[8][9][10] on the supposed 1,000th anniversary of the crucifixion of Christ, due to some unusually harsh spring weather. The Book of Revelation (Chapter 20) predicts the end of the earth after a 1,000 year period.[11][12][13]

1034

By place

Byzantine Empire
  • April 11 – Emperor Romanos III (Argyros) is drowned in his bath, at the urging of his wife Zoë, who marries her chamberlain, and elevates him to the throne of the Byzantine Empire, as Michael IV. Romanos is buried in the Church of St. Mary Peribleptos in Constantinople.[14]
Europe
  • Spring – Emperor Conrad II (the Elder) leads a German military expedition via the Rhone River into Burgundy, while two Italian armies led by Archbishop Aribert and Boniface III (margrave of Tuscany) head over the Alps and join with Count Humbert I at Great St. Bernard Pass.
  • March – Conrad II converges his armies on Lake Lemano and defeats Count Odo II in battle at Geneva (modern Switzerland). For his assistance, Conrad grants Humbert I with the Burgundian county of Maurienne.
  • May – King Mieszko II dies after a 6-year reign (probably killed as a result of a conspiracy) and is succeeded by his 17-year-old son Casimir I (the Restorer). A violent revolt spreads throughout Poland.
  • King Sancho III (the Great) of Pamplona captures León, after defeating a string of rivals. His rule now extends from the borders of Galicia in the west to the County of Barcelona in the east.
  • Summer – Poland is broke up into regions (during the so-called Pagan Reaction). Queen Richeza, Casimir I and his sisters Ryksa and Gertruda are driven into exile in Germany.[15]
  • November 25 – King Malcolm II dies in battle at Glamis. He is succeeded by Duncan I, son of his eldest daughter, rather than Macbeth, who is possibly another grandson of his.[16]
  • In Al-Andalus, benefiting from the weakening of the Muslim central authority, the count of Portugal, Gonçalo Maia, conquers Montemor-o-Velho (approximate date).
  • Franche-Comté becomes subject to the Holy Roman Empire.
Africa

1035

By place

Europe
England
  • November 12 – King Cnut (the Great) dies at Shaftesbury, leaving the rule of England in dispute between his sons Harthacnut and Harold Harefoot. The earls of Northumbria and Mercia support Harold's claim, while Godwin (Earl of Wessex) supports Harthacnut. Harold is elected as regent (or joint ruler) of England. Cnut is buried in the Old Minster, in Winchester.
  • Winter – Harthacnut is unable to travel to his coronation in England, because his Danish kingdom is under threat of an invasion by King Magnus I of Norway, and King Anund Jacob of Sweden.

1036

By place

Europe
  • Summer – In Naples, Duke Sergius IV abdicates and retires to a monastery; he is succeeded by his son John V.
  • A Zirid expeditionary force invades Sicily and takes Palermo from the Normans, but fails to fully reconquer the island.[20]
England
Africa
  • June 13 – Caliph al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah dies after a 16-year reign. He is succeeded by his 6-year-old son al-Mustansir as ruler of the Fatimid Caliphate. Vizier Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i will guide the regency for the first few years.
China
Japan
  • May 15 – Emperor Go-Ichijō dies at the age of 27 after a 20-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Go-Suzaku as the 69th emperor of Japan.

By topic

Religion
  • Pope Benedict IX is briefly forced out of Rome, but returns with the help of Emperor Conrad II (the Elder).
  • The Flower Sermon first appears in Buddhist literature.

1037

By place

Europe
  • Spring – A revolt in northern Italy is started by Archbishop Aribert of Milan. King Henry III (eldest son of Emperor Conrad II) travels south of the Alps to quell it.
  • February – At an Imperial Diet in Pavia (assembled by Conrad II), Aribert is accused of fomenting a revolt against the Holy Roman Empire, Conrad orders his arrest.
  • May – Conrad II, with Pavian assistance, lays siege to Milan at the Porta Romana side, but the city holds out. In Rome, Pope Benedict IX deposes Aribert as archbishop.
  • May 28 – Conrad II decrees the Constitutio de Feudis which protects the rights of the valvassores (knights and burghers of the cities) in Lombardia (modern Italy).
  • Summer – A Byzantine expeditionary force under George Maniakes lands at Sicily, and defeats the Zirids. Maniakes begins his campaign to reconquer the island.
  • September 4 – Battle of Tamarón: Ferdinand I defeats and kills his brother-in-law Bermudo III. Ferdinand becomes the king of Castile and León (modern Spain).[22]
England
Asia

1038

By place

Europe
  • Emperor Conrad II (the Elder) travels to Southern Italy and holds court in Troia. He orders Pandulf IV of Capua to restore the territories of Monte Cassino. Pandulf holes himself up in the fortress of Sant'Agata de' Goti, and dispatches tribute (300 lb of gold) and his son as hostage to Troia as a token of peace. Conrad accepts his offer, but the son escapes. Conrad goes on the offensive and seizes Capua, and gives it to Guaimar IV of Salerno.
  • Duke John II drives his brother Manso II and his mother Maria out of Amalfi. He has Manso blinded and exiled to the island of Sirenuse. John reconciles with Maria, and allows her to remain as co-ruler of Amalfi.
  • The Banu Tujib clan is deposed by Al-Mustain I, who starts the Huddid Dynasty, which rules over the Taifa of Zaragoza for almost a century (approximate date).[24]
  • The name of Versailles, at this time a small village, appears for the first time in a medieval charter in France.
  • Duke Bretislav I of Bohemia invades Poland. He captures and destroys the cities of Gniezno and Poznań.
  • August 15 – On the death of his uncle, Stephen I, Peter Orseolo becomes the second ruler of Hungary.
  • August – A battle occurs near the town of Alfuente in Andalucia between the Taifa of Granada and the Taifa of Almeria, as described by the Jewish poet Samuel ibn Naghrela.
Asia

1039

By place

Europe
  • June 4 – Emperor Conrad II (the Elder) dies of gout in Utrecht after a 12-year reign. He is succeeded by his 21-year-old son, Henry III (the Black), who becomes also king of Italy and Burgundy.
  • Duke Casimir I (the Restorer) returns to Poland, and makes great efforts to rebuild the war-ruined country. He establishes his residence at Kraków (which becomes Poland's capital until 1596).[25]

By topic

Religion

Significant people


Births

1030

1031

1032

1033

1034

1035

1036

  • Anselm of Lucca (the Younger), Italian bishop (d. 1086)
  • Fujiwara no Hiroko, Japanese empress (d. 1127)
  • Igor Yaroslavich, prince of Smolensk (d. 1060)
  • Wang Shen, Chinese painter and poet (d. 1093 )

1037

1038

1039

Deaths

1030

1031

1032

1033

1034

1035

1036

1037

  • September 4 – Bermudo III (or Vermudo), king of León
  • November 15 – Odo II, French nobleman (b. 983)
  • Abu'l-Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami, Persian poet
  • Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi, Persian Shafi'i scholar
  • Baba Kuhi of Shiraz, Persian Sufi mystic (b. 948)
  • Avicenna, Persian physician and polymath (b. 980)
  • Boleslaus III (the Red), duke of Bohemia
  • Ding Wei, grand chancellor of the Song Dynasty
  • Farrukhi Sistani, Persian poet (or 1038)
  • John of Debar, Bulgarian clergyman and bishop
  • Muhammad al-Baghdadi, Persian mathematician
  • Muirgeas ua Cú Ceanainn, king of Uí Díarmata
  • Robert II, French prelate and archbishop
  • Siegfried II, German nobleman (b. 956)
  • William III (Taillefer), French nobleman

1038

1039


References

  1. ^ Halm, Heinz (2003). Die Kalifen von Kairo: Die Fatimiden in Ägypten, 973–1074 [The Caliphs of Cairo: The Fatimids in Egypt, 973–1074] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. pp. 341–343. ISBN 3-406-48654-1.
  2. ^ Tvauri, Andres (2012). The Migration Period, Pre-Viking Age, and Viking Age in Estonia. pp. 33, 59, 60. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  3. ^ Jonathan Riley-Smith (2006). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 4, c. 1024–c. 1198, p. 124. ISBN 978-0-521-41411-1.
  4. ^ Chejne, Anwar G. (1974). Muslim Spain: Its History and Culture, pp. 43–49. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816606889.
  5. ^ Moriceau, Jean-Marc (2011) L'Homme contre le loup. Une guerre de deux mille ans, Paris, Fayard.
  6. ^ C.W. Previté-Orton, The Early History of the House of Savoy, (Cambridge University Press, 1912), p. 30.
  7. ^ C.W. Previté-Orton, Early History of the House of Savoy, (Cambridge University Press, 1912), p. 32.
  8. ^ "The Apocalyptic Dossier: 967-1033". Boston University. Boston University Center for Millennial Studies.
  9. ^ Landes, Richard. "Introduction to Apocalypticism and Millennialism". Catholic Resources for Bible, Liturgy, Art, and Theology. Archived from the original on July 2, 2011. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  10. ^ "A Brief History of the Apocalypse". www.abhota.info. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
  11. ^ Revelation Chapter 20
  12. ^ Boyett, Jason (2005). Pocket Guide to the Apocalypse: The Official Field Manual for the End of the World. Relevant Media Group. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0-9760357-1-8.
  13. ^ Strandberg, Todd; James, Terry (2003). Are You Rapture Ready?. New York City: Dutton. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-525-94737-0.
  14. ^ Norwich, John (1991). Byzantium: the Apogee, pp. 279–80. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-670-80252-2.
  15. ^ Richard Brzezinski (1998). History of Poland: Old Poland, the Piast Dynasty, p. 18. ISBN 83-7212-019-6.
  16. ^ Black's Picturesque Tourist of Scotland, Adam and Charles Black. Published 1861, Scotland.
  17. ^ Meynier, Gilbert (2010). L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique: De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte. p. 50.
  18. ^ The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni, Ed. & Trans. Elizabeth M.C. van Houts, Vol. I (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992), pp. 80-85.
  19. ^ Benvenuti, Gino (1985). Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia. Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. p. 42. ISBN 88-8289-529-7.
  20. ^ Meynier, Gilbert (2010). L'Algérie, cœur du Maghreb classique: De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte. p. 50.
  21. ^ History of Song (1346).
  22. ^ Parker, Philip (2010). World History. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 430. ISBN 9781405352574.
  23. ^ Panton, James (2011). Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy. Scarecrow Press. p. 16. ISBN 9780810874978.
  24. ^ Stalls, Clay (1995). Possessing the land: Aragon's expansion into Islam's Ebro frontier under Alfonso the Battler, 1104-1134. Brill. p. viii. ISBN 90-04-10367-8.
  25. ^ Richard Brzezinski (1995). History of Poland: Old Poland – The Piast Dynasty, p. 18. ISBN 83-7212-019-6.
  26. ^ Constable, Giles (2008). Three Treatises From Bec on the Nature of Monastic Life. University of Toronto Press. p. 28. ISBN 9781442691629.
  27. ^ "Conrad II - Holy Roman emperor". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  28. ^ McGrath, Alister E. (2013). Christian History: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 104. ISBN 9781118337790.
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