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Württemberg |
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Its traditional capital was Stuttgart. For short periods of time, the seat of the government was located in Ludwigsburg and Urach. The name of the dynasty and the state originates from a steep Stuttgart hill, close to Stuttgart-Untertürkheim. HistoryWürttemberg, once a Duchy, became a Kingdom after the fall of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, during the reign of Frederick I of Württemberg, and finally a Republic called the Free People's State of Württemberg (Freier Volksstaat Württemberg) in 1918. After the Federal Republic of Germany was formed in 1949, Württemberg merged with Baden in 1952 to become the Land (state) of Baden-Württemberg. Geography){kind=small}
It lies between 47° 34' 48" and 49° 35' 17" N, and between 8° 15' and 10° 30' E. Its greatest length from north to south comprised 225 km (140 miles); its greatest breadth comprised 160 km (100 miles); its boundaries had a circumference of 1800 km (1116 miles). Its total area comprised 7534 sq miles (20,000 km²). It shared a boundary on the East with Bavaria, and on the other three sides with Baden, with the exception of a short distance on the South, where it bordered Hohenzollern and Lake Constance. ClimateThe temperate climate turns colder among the mountains in the south. The mean temperature varies at different points from 6 to 10°C. Abundant forests induce much rain, most of which falls in the summer. Given on the whole fertile and well-cultivated soil, agriculture formed the main occupation of the inhabitants.DemographyAgricultureThe Kingdom of Württemberg essentially formed an agricultural state, and of its 4,821,760 acres (20,000 km²), 44.9% comprised agricultural land and gardens, 1.1% vineyards, 17.9% meadows and pastures, and 30.8% forest.It possessed rich meadowlands, cornfields, orchards, gardens, and hills covered with vines. The chief agricultural products were oats, spelt, rye, wheat, barley, and hops. To these add wine (mostly of excellent quality) of an annual value of about one million pounds sterling, peas and beans, maize, fruit, (chiefly cherries and apples), beets and tobacco, and garden and dairy produce. Württembergers reared considerable numbers of cattle, sheep and pigs; and paid great attention to the breeding of horses. MiningThe Kingdom of Württemberg lacked minerals of great industrial importance apart from salt and iron. The salt industry came to prominence only at the beginning of the 19th century. The iron industry, on the other hand, had great antiquity, but completely lacked coal mines within the Kingdom. Other minerals produced included granite, limestone, ironstone and fireclay.ManufacturersThe old-established manufacturers embraced linen, woollen and cotton fabrics, particularly at Esslingen and Göppingen, and paper-making, especially at Ravensburg, Heilbronn and other places in Lower Swabia.The manufacturing industries, assisted by the government, developed rapidly during the later years of the 19th century, notably metal-working, especially such branches of it as require exact and delicate workmanship. Particular importance attached to iron and steel goods, locomotives (for which Esslingen enjoyed a good reputation), machinery, cars, bicycles, small arms (in the Mauser factory at Oberndorf), all kinds of scientific and artistic appliances, pianos (at Stuttgart), organs and other musical instruments, photographic apparatus, clocks (in the Black Forest), electrical apparatus, and gold- and silver-goods. Extensive chemical works, potteries, cabinet-making workshops, sugar factories, breweries and distilleries operated. Water-power and petrol largely compensated for the lack of coal. Among other interesting developments note the manufacture of liquid carbonic acid gas extracted from natural gas springs beside the Eyach, a tributary of the Neckar. CommerceThe Kingdom of Württemberg's principal exports included cattle, cereals, wood, pianos, salt, oil, leather, cotton and linen fabrics, beer, wine and spirits. Commerce centred on the cities of Stuttgart, Ulm, Heilbronn and Friedrichshafen. Stuttgart, once called the Leipzig of South Germany, boasted an extensive book trade.CommunicationsIn 1907 the Kingdom of Württemberg had 2,000 km (1219 miles) of railways, of which all except 256 km (159 miles) belonged to the state. Navigable waters included the Neckar, the Schussen, Lake Constance, and the Danube downstream from Ulm. The Kingdom had fairly good quality roads; the oldest of them of Roman construction. Württemberg, like Bavaria, retained the control of its own postal and telegraph service on the foundation of the new German Empire in 1871.ConstitutionAs a constitutional monarchy, the Kingdom of Württemberg functioned as a member of the German Empire, with four votes in the then Federal Council (Bundesrat), and seventeen in the Reichstag (parliament). The constitution rested on a law of 1819, amended in 1868, in 1874, and again in 1906. The hereditary crown conveyed the simple title of "King of Württemberg". The king received a civil list of 103,227 pounds sterling.The Kingdom possessed a bi-cameral legislature. The upper chamber (Standesherren) comprised:
Württemberg parliaments had terms of six years; all male citizens over twenty-five years of age possessed suffrage rights, voting by ballot. The highest executive power rested in the hands of the Ministry of State (Staatsministerium), consisting of six ministers for:
The Kingdom comprised four governmental departments (Kreise), subdivided into sixty-four divisions (Oberamtsbezirke), each under a headman (Oberamtmann) assisted by a local council (Amtsversammlung). A Government (Regierung) heads each of the four departments. See also: Württemberg Landtag elections in the Weimar Republic Ecclesiastical administrationThe right of direction over the churches resided in the King, who had also, so long as he belonged to the Protestant Church, the guardianship of the spiritual rights of that Church. The Protestant Church is controlled (under the minister of religion and education) by a consistory and a synod. The consistory comprised a president, 9 councillors and 6 general superintendents or prelates from six principal towns. The synod consisted of a representative council, including both lay and clerical members.The Roman Catholic Church in the Kingdom answered to the bishop of Rottenburg, in the archdiocese of Freiburg. Politically it obeyed a Roman Catholic council, appointed by government. A state-appointed council (Oberkirchenbehörde) regulated Württemberg's Judaism after 1828. EducationThe Kingdom claimed universal literacy (reading and writing) over the age of ten years. Higher learning occurred at the university of Tübingen, in the Stuttgart University of Technology, the veterinary college at Stuttgart, the commercial college at Stuttgart, and the agricultural college of Hohenheim. Gymnasia and other schools existed in all the larger towns, while every commune had a primary school. Numerous schools and colleges existed for women. Württemberg also had a school of viticulture.ArmyUnder the terms of a military convention of November 25, 1870 the troops of Württemberg formed the XIII (Royal Württemberg) Corps of the Imperial German Army.FinancesThe state revenue for 1909–1910 comprised an estimated 4,840,520 pounds sterling, nearly balanced by expenditure. About one-third of the revenue derived from railways, forests and mines; about 1,400,000 pounds sterling from direct taxation; and the remainder from indirect taxes, the post-office and sundry items.In 1909 the public debt amounted to 29,285,335 pounds sterling, of which more than 27,000,000 pounds sterling resulted from the costs of railway construction. Of the expenditure, over 900,000 pounds sterling went towards public worship and education, and over 1,200,000 pounds sterling went in interest and repayment of the national debt. To the treasury of the German Empire the Kingdom contributed 660,000 pounds sterling. NamesakeTwo naval ships of the German Imperial Navy were named after the state of Württemberg. The first SMS Württemberg was a Sachsen class armored ship launched in 1878. The second SMS Württemberg was a Bayern class battleship that was cancelled before completion before the end of World War I.Bibliography
See also
list of states which were part of the Holy Roman Empire, as alphabetized in the adjacent template, at any time within the empire's existence between 962 and 1806. In the 18th century the Holy Roman Empire consisted of over 1800 separate immediate territories governed by ..... Click the link for more information. Holy Roman Empire (Latin: Sacrum Romanum Imperium, German: Heiliges Römisches Reich, Italian: Sacro Romano Impero ..... Click the link for more information. The Confederation of the Rhine or Rhine Confederation (German: Rheinbund; French: États confédérés du Rhin [officially] Confédération du Rhin [in practice] ..... Click the link for more information. The States of the German Confederation were those member states that from June 20, 1815 were part of the German Confederation, which lasted, with some changes in the member states, until August 24, 1866, under the presidency of the Austrian imperial house of Habsburg, which was ..... Click the link for more information. The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, which had been abolished in 1806. ..... Click the link for more information. German Empire is the name used in English to describe the first 47 years of the German Reich when it was a semi-constitutional monarchy: beginning with the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I of Prussia as German Emperor (January 18, 1871), effectively ..... Click the link for more information. German Empire is the name used in English to describe the first 47 years of the German Reich when it was a semi-constitutional monarchy: beginning with the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I of Prussia as German Emperor (January 18, 1871), effectively ..... Click the link for more information. The following is a list of Dukes of Swabia in southwest Germany. Swabia was one of the five stem duchies of the medieval German kingdom, and its dukes were thus among the most powerful magnates of Germany. ..... Click the link for more information. As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. In the history of European culture, this period is considered the early part of the High Middle Ages. ..... Click the link for more information. 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1880s 1890s 1900s - 1910s - 1920s 1930s 1940s 1915 1916 1917 - 1918 - 1919 1920 1921 Year 1918 (MCMXVIII ..... Click the link for more information.
Its traditional capital was Stuttgart. ..... Click the link for more information. German Empire is the name used in English to describe the first 47 years of the German Reich when it was a semi-constitutional monarchy: beginning with the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I of Prussia as German Emperor (January 18, 1871), effectively ..... Click the link for more information. 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1840s 1850s 1860s - 1870s - 1880s 1890s 1900s 1868 1869 1870 - 1871 - 1872 1873 1874 : Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture - ..... Click the link for more information. 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1880s 1890s 1900s - 1910s - 1920s 1930s 1940s 1915 1916 1917 - 1918 - 1919 1920 1921 Year 1918 (MCMXVIII ..... Click the link for more information. Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed. This is a list of such cities, sorted by country and then by date. ..... Click the link for more information. Stuttgart Stuttgart Schlossplatz (Castle square) Coat of arms Location ..... Click the link for more information. Swabian (Schwäbisch) is one of the Alemannic dialects of High German, spoken in the region of Swabia. Swabia covers much of Germany's southwestern Bundesland ..... Click the link for more information. state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or creed officially endorsed by the state. Practically, a state without a state religion is called a secular state. ..... Click the link for more information. Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther. Luther's efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Church launched the Protestant Reformation and, though it was not ..... Click the link for more information. government is a body that has the power to make and the authority to enforce rules and laws within a civil, corporate, religious, academic, or other organization or group.[1] ..... Click the link for more information. This article is written like a personal reflection or and may require . Please [ improve this article] by rewriting this article in an . (, talk) List of forms of government
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..... Click the link for more information. monarch (see sovereignty) is a type of ruler or head of state. Monarchs almost always inherit their titles and are rulers for life; that is, they have no term limit. Historically monarchs have been more or less absolute rulers. ..... Click the link for more information. 10th century - 11st century - 12nd century 1050s 1060s 1070s - 1080s - 1090s 1100s 1110s 1086 1087 1088 - 1089 - 1090 1091 1092 Lists of leaders State leaders - Sovereign states ..... Click the link for more information. 11st century - 12nd century - 13rd century 1090s 1100s 1110s - 1120s - 1130s 1140s 1150s 1119 1120 1121 - 1122 - 1123 1124 1125 Politics State leaders - Sovereign states Birth and death categories ..... Click the link for more information. Conrad I of Württemberg ("Konrad von Wirtinisberc, C(u) onradus de Wirdeberch") was the first ruler of the castle of Wirtemberg 1083-1110, and is first mentioned in 1081. He is considered to be founder of the Württemberg dynasty. ..... Click the link for more information. 14th century - 15th century - 16th century 1420s 1430s 1440s - 1450s - 1460s 1470s 1480s 1454 1455 1456 - 1457 - 1458 1459 1460 : Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture - ..... Click the link for more information. 14th century - 15th century - 16th century 1460s 1470s 1480s - 1490s - 1500s 1510s 1520s 1493 1494 1495 - 1496 - 1497 1498 1499 : Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture - ..... Click the link for more information. 14th century - 15th century - 16th century 1460s 1470s 1480s - 1490s - 1500s 1510s 1520s 1492 1493 1494 - 1495 - 1496 1497 1498 : Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture - ..... Click the link for more information. Eberhard I (11 December 1445, Urach – 24 February 1496, Tübingen). From 1459 till 1495 he was count as Eberhard V. From July 1495 he was the first Duke of Württemberg. He is also known as Eberhard im Bart (Eberhard the Bearded). ..... Click the link for more information. This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia® - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the Wikipedia® encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License. How to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, add the site to iGoogle, or visit webmaster's page for free fun content. |
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