1,203,316,988 visitors served.
1,203,316,988 visitors served. |
|
 Dictionary/ thesaurus |  Medical dictionary |  Legal dictionary |  Financial dictionary |  Acronyms |  Idioms |  Encyclopedia |  Wikipedia encyclopedia | ? |
Velociraptor |
Also found in: Encyclopedia | 0.04 sec. |
Velociraptor (IPA: RP /vɪˌlɒsiˈɹæptə/, GA /vɛˌlɑsɪˈɹæptəɹ/; meaning 'swift thief') is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur that existed approximately 83 to 70 Ma (million years ago) during the later part of the Cretaceous Period. The type species, V. mongoliensis, is the only species recognized today, although others have been assigned in the past. Fossils of this species have been discovered in both Inner and Outer Mongolia in central Asia. Smaller than other dromaeosaurids like Deinonychus and Achillobator, the turkey-sized Velociraptor nevertheless shared many of the same anatomical features. It was a bipedal, feathered carnivore with a long, stiffened tail and an enlarged sickle-shaped claw on each hindfoot, which is thought to have been used to kill its prey. Velociraptor can be distinguished from other dromaeosaurids by its long and low skull, with an upturned snout. Velociraptor (commonly shortened to 'raptor') is one of the dinosaur genera most familiar to the general public due to its prominent role in the Jurassic Park motion picture series, although in the films it was shown much larger than it was in reality and without feathers as well as having other anatomical inaccuracies. It is also well-known to paleontologists, with over a dozen recovered fossil skeletons — the most of any dromaeosaurid. One particularly famous specimen preserves a Velociraptor locked in combat with a Protoceratops. Description) Velociraptor compared in size to a human. Velociraptor, like other dromaeosaurids, had a large manus ('hand') with three strongly-curved claws, which were similar in construction and flexibility to the wing bones of modern birds. The second digit was the longest of the three digits present, while the first was shortest. The structure of the carpal (wrist) bones prevented pronation of the wrist and forced the 'hands' to be held with the palmar surface facing inwards (medially), not downwards.[4] The first digit of the foot, as in other theropods, was a small dewclaw. However, whereas most theropods had feet with three digits contacting the ground, dromaeosaurids like Velociraptor walked on only their third and fourth digits. The second digit, for which Velociraptor is most famous, was highly modified and held retracted off of the ground. It bore a relatively large, sickle-shaped claw, typical of dromaeosaurid and troodontid dinosaurs. This enlarged claw, which could be over 65 millimeters (2.5 in) long around its outer edge, was most likely a predatory device used to tear into prey, possibly delivering a fatal blow.[5][6] Long bony projections (prezygapophyses) on the upper surfaces of the vertebrae, as well as ossified tendons underneath, stiffened the tail of Velociraptor. The prezygapophyses began on the tenth tail (caudal) vertebra and extended forward to brace four to ten additional vertebrae, depending on position in the tail. The stiffening forced the entire tail to act as a single rod-like unit, preventing vertical motion between vertebrae. However, at least one specimen preserves a series of intact tail vertebrae curved sideways into an S-shape, suggesting that there was considerably more horizontal flexibility. These adaptations of the tail probably provided balance and stability while turning, especially at high speeds.[5][6] In 2007, paleontologists Alan Turner, Peter Makovicky, Mark Norell and colleagues reported the discovery of quill knobs on a well-preserved Velociraptor mongoliensis forearm from Mongolia, confirming the presence of feathers in this species.[7] History) A drawing of the type skull of Velociraptor mongoliensis. From Osborn, 1924. While North American teams were shut out of communist Mongolia during the Cold War, expeditions by Soviet and Polish scientists, in collaboration with Mongolian colleagues, recovered several more specimens of Velociraptor. The most famous is part of the legendary "Fighting Dinosaurs" specimen (GIN 100/25), discovered by a Polish-Mongolian team in 1971. This fossil preserves a single Velociraptor in the midst of battle against a lone Protoceratops.[5][9][10] This specimen is considered a national treasure of Mongolia, although in 2000 it was loaned to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City for a temporary exhibition.[11] Between 1988 and 1990, a joint Chinese-Canadian team discovered Velociraptor remains in northern China.[12] American scientists returned to Mongolia in 1990, and a joint Mongolian-American expedition to the Gobi, led by the American Museum of Natural History and the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, turned up several well-preserved skeletons.[6][13] ProvenanceAll known specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis were discovered in the Djadochta Formation, in both the Mongolian province of Ömnögovi and Chinese Inner Mongolia. A species of Velociraptor, possibly V. mongoliensis, is also preserved in the slightly younger Barun Goyot Formation of Mongolia.[14] These geologic formations are estimated to date back to the Campanian stage (about 83 to 70 million years ago[15]) of the Late Cretaceous Epoch.[16]V. mongoliensis has been found at many of the most famous and prolific Djadochta localities. The type specimen was discovered at the Flaming Cliffs site (also known as Bayn Dzak and Shabarakh Usu),[2] while the "Fighting Dinosaurs" were found at the Tugrig locality (also known as Tugrugeen Shireh).[10] More recently, fossils of V. mongoliensis were recovered from Bayan Mandahu, a prolific site from the Djadochta of Inner Mongolia in China.[12] The well-known Barun Goyot localities of Khulsan and Khermeen Tsav have also produced remains which may belong to the genus Velociraptor.[17] All of these sites preserve an arid environment with fields of sand dunes and only intermittent streams, although the younger Barun Goyot environment seems to have been slightly wetter than the older Djadochta.[16] Aside from Protoceratops, upon which it preyed, Velociraptor shared its environment with other basal ceratopsians like Udanoceratops and ankylosaurids like Pinacosaurus, along with several species of oviraptorid, troodontid, and alvarezsaurid theropods.[14] TaxonomyVelociraptor is a member of the subfamily Velociraptorinae, a derived sub-group of the larger family Dromaeosauridae. In phylogenetic taxonomy, Velociraptorinae is usually defined as "all dromaeosaurs more closely related to Velociraptor than to Dromaeosaurus." Dromaeosaurid classification is highly variable. Originally, the subfamily Velociraptorinae was erected solely to contain Velociraptor.[5] Other analyses have included other genera, usually Deinonychus and Saurornitholestes.[18] A recent cladistic analysis indicated a monophyletic Velociraptorinae containing Velociraptor, Deinonychus, Tsaagan, and a closely related (but uncertainly positioned) Saurornitholestes.[19]In the past, other dromaeosaurid species, including Deinonychus antirrhopus and Saurornitholestes langstoni, have sometimes been classified in the genus Velociraptor. Since Velociraptor was the first to be named, these species were renamed Velociraptor antirrhopus and V. langstoni.[1] However, the only currently recognized species of Velociraptor is V. mongoliensis.[3][4][21] When first described in 1924, Velociraptor was placed in the family Megalosauridae, as was the case with most carnivorous dinosaurs at the time (Megalosauridae, like Megalosaurus, functioned as a sort of 'wastebin' taxon, where many unrelated species were grouped together).[2] As dinosaur discoveries multiplied, Velociraptor was later recognized as a dromaeosaurid. All dromaeosaurids have also been referred to the family Archaeopterygidae by at least one author (which would, in effect, make Velociraptor a flightless bird).[4] PaleobiologyPredatory behaviorThe "Fighting Dinosaurs" specimen, found in 1971, preserves a Velociraptor and Protoceratops in combat and provides direct evidence of predatory behavior. When originally reported, it was hypothesized that the two animals drowned.[10] However, as the animals were preserved in ancient sand dune deposits, it is now thought that the animals were buried in sand, either from a collapsing dune or in a sandstorm. Burial must have been extremely fast, judging from the lifelike poses in which the animals were preserved. Both forelimbs and one hindlimb of the Protoceratops are missing, which has been seen as evidence of scavenging by other animals.[22]The distinctive claw, on the second digit of dromaeosaurids, has traditionally been depicted as a slashing weapon; its assumed use being to cut and disembowel prey.[23] In the "Fighting Dinosaurs" specimen, the Velociraptor lies underneath, with one of its sickle claws apparently embedded in the throat of its prey, while the beak of Protoceratops is clamped down upon the right forelimb of its attacker. This suggests Velociraptor may have used its sickle claw to pierce vital organs of the throat, such as the jugular vein, carotid artery, or trachea (windpipe), rather than slashing the abdomen. The inside edge of the claw was rounded and not at all sharp, which may have precluded any sort of cutting or slashing action, although only the bony core of the claw is known. A living Velociraptor would have had a keratin sheath around its claws, which may have had a sharper edge. However, it is unlikely that any sharp edge could be maintained, as the claw was not retractable for its protection, nor could it easily be sharpened by scraping against other objects, as seen in cats. The thick abdominal wall of skin and muscle would have been difficult to slash with such a dull cutting surface.[22] The slashing hypothesis was tested during a 2005 BBC documentary, The Truth About Killer Dinosaurs. The producers of the program created an artificial Velociraptor leg with a sickle claw and used a pork belly to simulate the dinosaur's prey. Though the sickle claw did penetrate the abdominal wall, it was unable to tear it open, indicating that the claw was not used to disembowel prey. However, this experiment has not been published or repeated by other scientists, so its results cannot be confirmed. Remains of Deinonychus, a closely related dromaeosaurid, have commonly been found in aggregations of several individuals. Deinonychus is also occasionally found in association with a larger herbivore, Tenontosaurus, which has been seen as evidence of cooperative hunting.[24][25] Although many isolated fossils of Velociraptor and other dromaeosaurids have been found in Mongolia, none were closely associated with any other individuals.[21] Therefore, while Velociraptor is commonly depicted as a pack hunter, as in Jurassic Park, no fossil evidence currently supports this theory. MetabolismVelociraptor was probably warm-blooded to some degree, as it required a significant amount of energy to hunt. Modern animals that possess feathery or furry coats, like Velociraptor did, tend to be warm-blooded, since these coverings function as insulation. However, bone growth rates in dromaeosaurids and some early birds suggest a more moderate metabolism, compared with most modern warm-blooded mammals and birds. The kiwi is similar to dromaeosaurids in anatomy, feather type, bone structure and even the narrow anatomy of the nasal passages (usually a key indicator of metabolism). The kiwi is a highly active, if specialized, flightless bird, with a stable body temperature and a fairly low resting metabolic rate, making it a good model for the metabolism of primitive birds and dromaeosaurids.[4]Feathers) Life restoration of Velociraptor mongoliensis. In September 2007, researchers found what they believe are quill knobs on the forearm of a Velociraptor found in Mongolia.[7] These bumps on bird wing bones show where feathers anchor, and their presence on Velociraptor indicate that it too had feathers. According to paleontologist Alan Turner, "Finding quill knobs on Velociraptor ... means that it definitely had feathers. This is something we'd long suspected, but no one had been able to prove."[27] According to Turner and co-authors Peter Makovicky and Mark Norell, quill knobs are not found in all prehistoric birds, and their absence does not mean that an animal was not feathered. However, their presence confirms that Velociraptor bore modern-style wing feathers, with a rachis and vane formed by barbs. The forearm specimen on which the quill knobs were found (specimen number IGM 100/981) represents an animal 1.5 meters in length (5 ft) and 15 kilograms (33 lbs) in weight. Based on the spacing of the six preserved knobs in this specimen, the authors suggested that Velociraptor bore 14 secondaries (wing feathers stemming from the forearm), compared with 12 or more in Archaeopteryx, 18 in Microraptor, and 10 in Rahonavis. This type of variation in the number of wing feathers between closely related species, the authors asserted, is to be expected, given similar variation among modern birds. Turner and colleagues interpreted the presence of feathers on Velociraptor as evidence against the idea that the larger, flightless maniraptorans lost their feathers secondarily due to larger body size. Furthermore, they noted that quill knobs are almost never found in flightless bird species today, and that their presence in Velociraptor (presumed to have been flightless due to its relatively large size and short forelimbs) is evidence that the ancestors of dromaeosaurids could fly, making Velociraptor and other large members of this family secondarily flightless, though it's possible the large wing feathers inferred in the ancestors of Velociraptor had a purpose other than flight. The feathers of the flightless Velociraptor may have been used for display, for covering their nests while brooding, or for added speed and thrust when running up inclined slopes.[7] In popular culture
) Velociraptor as portrayed in the movie Jurassic Park. Note large size and incorrect hand posture. Director Steven Spielberg may also have increased the size of the film's Velociraptor for dramatic reasons.[29] Additionally, the forelimbs of the film animals differed in structure and posture from those of real dromaeosaurids and their tails were too short and flexible, anatomical errors which directly contradict fossil evidence. The film version of Velociraptor was also covered in scales. In life, Velociraptor, like many other maniraptoran theropods, was covered in feathers. In Jurassic Park III, the Velociraptor are depicted with quill-like structures along the back of the head and neck, although these do not resemble the down-like feathers known from real-life dromaeosaurids, and the quill knobs on some Velociraptor specimens show that they had fully-developed feathers akin to those of modern birds.[7] Also in Jurassic Park III, Dr. Alan Grant, played by Sam Neill, states that Velociraptor were smarter than dolphins, whales and some primates. Based on fossil evidence, this is highly unlikely. It is more probable that, while intelligent by dinosaur standards, they were less intelligent than modern big cats.[30] Due to the success of most Jurassic Park-related products, Velociraptor has become a ubiquitous representation of dinosaurs in popular culture. It has been featured in numerous toy lines, animated films and television series for children, along with several recent television documentaries. In 1995, the city of Toronto was awarded a National Basketball Association expansion team, which was named the Toronto Raptors. References1. ^ Paul, Gregory S. (1988). Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. New York: Simon and Schuster, 464pp. ISBN 978-0671619466. 2. ^ Osborn, Henry F. (1924a). "Three new Theropoda, Protoceratops zone, central Mongolia". American Museum Novitates 144: 1–12. 3. ^ Barsbold, Rinchen; & Osmólska, Halska. (1999). "The skull of Velociraptor (Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 44 (2): 189–219. 4. ^ Paul, Gregory S. (2002). Dinosaurs of the Air: The Evolution and Loss of Flight in Dinosaurs and Birds. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 472pp. ISBN 978-0801867637. 5. ^ Barsbold, Rinchen. (1983). "Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia". Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition 19: 5–119. 6. ^ Norell, Mark A.; & Makovicky, Peter J. (1999). "Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis". American Museum Novitates 3282: 1–45. 7. ^ Turner, A.H.; Makovicky, P.J.; and Norell, M.A. (2007). "Feather quill knobs in the dinosaur Velociraptor" (pdf). Science 317 (5845): 1721. 8. ^ Osborn, Henry F. (1924b). "The discovery of an unknown continent". Natural History 24: 133–149. 9. ^ Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia; & Barsbold, Rinchen. (1972). "Narrative of the Polish-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions". Paleontologica Polonica 27: 5–13. 10. ^ Barsbold, Rinchen. (1974). "Saurornithoididae, a new family of theropod dinosaurs from Central Asia and North America". Paleontologica Polonica 30: 5–22. 11. ^ American Museum of Natural History. The Fighting Dinosaurs. Retrieved on 2007-06-13. 12. ^ Jerzykiewicz, Tomasz; Currie, Philip J.; Eberth, David A.; Johnston, P.A.; Koster, E.H.; & Zheng J. (1993). "Djadokhta correlative strata in Chinese Inner Mongolia: An overview of the stratigraphy, sedimentary geology, and paleontology and comparisons with the type locality in the pre-Altai Gobi.". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30: 2180–2195. [printed early 1994] 13. ^ Norell, Mark A.; & Makovicky, Peter J. (1997). "Important features of the dromaeosaur skeleton: information from a new specimen". American Museum Novitates 3215: 1–28. 14. ^ Weishampel, David B.; Barrett, Paul M., Coria, Rodolfo A., Le Loueff, Jean, Xu Xing, Zhao Xijin, Sahni, Ashok, Gomani, Emily M.P. & Noto, Christopher N. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution", in Weishampel, David B., Dodson, Peter & Osmólska, Halska (eds.).: The Dinosauria, Second Edition, Berkeley: University of California Press, Pp. 517–606.. ISBN 0520242092. 15. ^ Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; & Smith, Alan G. (2005). A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 500pp.. ISBN 978-0521781428. 16. ^ Jerzykiewicz, Tomasz; & Russell, Dale A. (1991). "Late Mesozoic stratigraphy and vertebrates of the Gobi Basin". Cretaceous Research 12 (4): 345–377. DOI:10.1016/0195-6671(91)90015-5. 17. ^ Osmólska, Halska. (1997). "Barun Goyot Formation", Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press, p.41. ISBN 0-12-226810-1. 18. ^ Currie, Philip J. (1995). "New information on the anatomy and relationships of Dromaeosaurus albertensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15 (3): 576–591. 19. ^ Norell, Mark A.; Clark, James M.; Turner, Alan H.; Makovicky, Peter J., Barsbold, Rinchen; & Rowe, Timothy. (2006). "A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia)". American Museum Novitates 3545: 1–51. 20. ^ Paul, Gregory S. (1988). Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. New York: Simon and Schuster, 464pp. ISBN 978-0671619466. 21. ^ Norell, Mark A.; & Makovicky, Peter J. (2004). "Dromaeosauridae", in Weishampel, David B., Dodson, Peter & Osmólska, Halska (eds.).: The Dinosauria, Second Edition, Berkeley: University of California Press, Pp. 196–209. ISBN 0520242092. 22. ^ Carpenter, Ken. (1998). "Evidence of predatory behavior by theropod dinosaurs.". Gaia 15: 135–144. [not printed until 2000] 23. ^ Ostrom, John H. (1969). "Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 30: 1–165. 24. ^ Maxwell, W. Desmond; & Ostrom, John H. (1995). "Taphonomy and paleobiological implications of Tenontosaurus-Deinonychus associations". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15 (4): 707–712. 25. ^ Brinkman, Donald L.; Cifelli, Richard L.; & Czaplewski, N.J. (1998). "First occurrence of Deinonychus antirrhopus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous: Aptian-Albian) of Oklahoma". Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin 146: 1–27. 26. ^ Xu Xing; Zhou Zhonghe, Wang Xiaolin, Kuang Xuewen, Zhang Fucheng & Du Xiangke (2003). "Four-winged dinosaurs from China". Nature (421): 335–340. DOI:10.1038/nature01342. 27. ^ Turner, Alan (2007). "Scientists Say Velociraptor Had Feathers". Nature. 28. ^ Crichton, Michael. (1990). Jurassic Park. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, pg. 114–115. ISBN 0-394-58816-9. 29. ^ Bakker, Robert T. (1995). Raptor Red. New York: Bantam Books, pg. 4. ISBN 0-553-57561-9. 30. ^ Larson, Hans C.E.; Sereno, Paul C.; & Wilson, Jeffrey A. (2000). "Forebrain enlargement among nonavian theropod dinosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 (3): 615–618. External links
Late Cretaceous (100mya - 65mya) refers to the second half of the Cretaceous Period, named after the famous white chalk cliffs of southern England, which date from this time. Rocks deposited during the Late Cretaceous Period are referred to as the Upper Cretaceous Series. ..... Click the link for more information. Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. Scientific classification also can be called scientific taxonomy, but should be distinguished from folk taxonomy, which lacks scientific basis. ..... Click the link for more information. Editing of this page by unregistered or newly registered users is currently disabled until (UTC) due to vandalism. If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or ..... Click the link for more information. Chordata Bateson, 1885 Typical Classes See below Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. ..... Click the link for more information. Sauropsida* Goodrich, 1916 Subclasses
..... Click the link for more information. Dinosauria * Owen, 1842 Orders & Suborders
..... Click the link for more information. Saurischia Seeley, 1887 Suborders
Saurischia (from the Greek sauros (σαυρος) meaning 'lizard' and ischion ( ..... Click the link for more information. Theropoda Marsh, 1881 Infraorders
Theropods ('beast feet') are a group of bipedal saurischian dinosaurs. ..... Click the link for more information. Dromaeosauridae Matthew & Brown, 1922 Genera See text. Dromaeosauridae is a family of bird-like theropod dinosaurs. They were mainly small, gracile carnivores that flourished in the Cretaceous Period. ..... Click the link for more information. Henry Fairfield Osborn (August 8, 1857–November 6, 1935) was an American geologist, paleontologist, and eugenicist. BiographyOsborn was born in Fairfield, Connecticut, and studied at Princeton University...... Click the link for more information. species is one of the basic units of biological classification. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. ..... Click the link for more information. In biology, a type is that which fixes a name to a taxon. Depending on the nomenclature code which is applied to the organism in question, a type may be a specimen, culture, illustration, description or taxon. ..... Click the link for more information. This chart shows concisely the most common way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is applied to represent the English language. See International Phonetic Alphabet for English for a more complete version and Pronunciation respelling for English for phonetic ..... Click the link for more information. Received Pronunciation (RP) is a form of pronunciation of the English language which has been long perceived as uniquely prestigious amongst British accents. The earlier mentions of the term can be found in H. C. ..... Click the link for more information. General American (sometimes called Standard Midwestern, Standard Spoken American English or American Broadcast English) is the accent of American English perceived by Americans to be most "neutral" and free of regional characteristics. ..... Click the link for more information. genus (plural: genera) is part of the Latinized name for an organism. It is a name which reflects the classification of the organism by grouping it with other closely similar organisms. ..... Click the link for more information. Dromaeosauridae Matthew & Brown, 1922 Genera See text. Dromaeosauridae is a family of bird-like theropod dinosaurs. They were mainly small, gracile carnivores that flourished in the Cretaceous Period. ..... Click the link for more information. Theropoda Marsh, 1881 Infraorders
Theropods ('beast feet') are a group of bipedal saurischian dinosaurs. ..... Click the link for more information. Dinosauria * Owen, 1842 Orders & Suborders
..... Click the link for more information. Annum is a Latin noun meaning year. It is the accusative singular of the second declension masculine noun annus (nominative), anni (genitive) [1] . As a unit of time, it is defined as exactly 365. ..... Click the link for more information. The Cretaceous Period is one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, reaching from the end of the Jurassic Period (i.e. from 145.5 ± 4.0 million years ago (Ma)) to the beginning of the Paleocene epoch of the Tertiary Period (about 65.5 ± 0.3 Ma). ..... Click the link for more information. A geologic period is a subdivision of geologic time that divides an era into smaller timeframes. The equivalent term used to demarcate rock layers and the fossil record is the system; thus the rocks of the Devonian System were laid down during the Devonian Period. ..... Click the link for more information. A type species fixes the name of a genus (or of a taxon in a rank lower than genus). Strictly speaking, a type species exists only in zoological nomenclature. As set in article 42. ..... Click the link for more information. species is one of the basic units of biological classification. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. ..... Click the link for more information.
FOSSIL is a standard for allowing serial communication for telecommunications programs under the DOS operating system. ..... Click the link for more information. Origin of name Inner Mongolia is closer than Outer Mongolia to China proper Administration type Autonomous region Capital Hohhot Largest city Baotou CPC Ctte Secretary Chu Bo 储? Chairman Yang Jing 杨? ..... Click the link for more information. Anthem "Монгол улсын төрийн дуулал" National anthem of Mongolia ..... Click the link for more information. Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. Though various definitions of its exact composition exist, no one definition is universally accepted. Despite this uncertainty in defining borders, it does have some important overall characteristics. ..... Click the link for more information. Deinonychus Ostrom, 1969 Species
..... Click the link for more information. Achillobator Species: A. giganticus Binomial name Achillobator giganticus Perle, Norell, & Clark, 1999 Achillobator ..... Click the link for more information. This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia® - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the Wikipedia® encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License. How to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, add the site to iGoogle, or visit webmaster's page for free fun content. |
|
 Wikipedia browser | ? | ? Full browser | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Velocity selector Velocity Shift Velocity stack Velocity Trap Velocity XL Velocity-addition formula  VelocoraptorVelodona Velodrom Velòdrom d'Horta Velodrome Vélodrome Buffalo Vélodrome d'hiver Vélodrome de Vincennes  |
| ||||
 |
| Free Tools: |
For surfers:
Browser extension |
Word of the Day |
Help
For webmasters: Free content | Linking | Lookup box | Double-click lookup | Partner with us |
|
|---|
Disclaimer |
Privacy policy |
Feedback | Copyright © 2009 Farlex, Inc.)
){kind=small}
Printer friendly
Cite / link
Email
Feedback