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Vatican City, officially State of the Vatican City (Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanae; Italian: Stato della Città del Vaticano), is a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome. At approximately 44 hectares (108.7 acres), it is the smallest independent state in the world.[1] The state came into existence by virtue of the Lateran Treaty in 1929, which speaks of it as a new creation (Preamble and Article III), not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States (756 to 1870) that had previously encompassed central Italy, most of which was absorbed into the Kingdom of Italy in 1860, and the final part, the city of Rome and a small area close to it, ten years later. Vatican City is a non-hereditary, elected monarchy that is ruled by the Bishop of Rome — the Pope. The highest state functionaries are all clergymen of the Catholic Church. It is the sovereign territory of the Holy See (Latin:Sancta Sedes) and the location of the Apostolic Palace — the Pope's official residence — and of much of the Roman Curia. For almost 1000 years (324-1309) the Popes lived at the Lateran Palace on the Caelian Hill in the east of Rome. Only because the Lateran building was out of repair on their return from 68 years in Avignon have they since 1377 lived in the Vatican or, for a while, at the Quirinal, now the residence of the president of Italy. The Lateran Treaty by which the Vatican City State was set up is so called because it was signed in the restored Lateran building, which is now the residence of the Pope's Cardinal Vicar General for the City of Rome. There have been two Vatican Councils, but five Lateran Councils. The Basilica of St. John Lateran, not the St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican, remains the Pope's cathedral. TerritoryThe name "Vatican" is ancient and predates Christianity, coming from the Latin Mons Vaticanus, Vatican Hill. The territory of Vatican City is part of the Mons Vaticanus, and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields where St. Peter's Basilica, the Apostolic Palace, the Sistine Chapel, and museums were built, along with various other buildings. The area was part of the Roman rione of Borgo until 1929. Being separated from the city, on the west bank of the Tiber river, the area was an outcrop of the city that was protected by being included within the walls of Leo IV, and later expanded by the current fortification walls of Paul III/Pius IV/Urban VIII. When the Lateran Treaty of 1929 that gave the state its present form was being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory was influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop. For some tracts of the frontier, there was no wall, but the line of certain buildings supplied part of the boundary, and for a small part of the frontier a modern wall was constructed. The territory included St. Peter's Square, which was not possible to isolate from the rest of Rome, and therefore a largely imaginary border with Italy runs along the outer limit of the square where it touches on Piazza Pio XII and Via Paolo VI. St. Peter's Square is reached through the Via della Conciliazione which runs from the Tiber River to St. Peter's. This grand approach was constructed by Mussolini after the conclusion of the Lateran Treaty.According to the Lateran Treaty, certain properties of the Holy See that are located in Italian territory, most notably Castel Gandolfo and the Patriarchal Basilicas, enjoy extraterritorial status similar to that of foreign embassies.[1][1]. These properties, scattered all over Rome and Italy, house essential offices and institutions necessary to the character and mission of the Holy See.[1] Castel Gandolfo and the named basilicas are patrolled internally by police agents of the Vatican City State and not by Italian police. St. Peter's Square is ordinarily policed jointly by both.[1] Head of State) St. Peter's Square, and the obelisk from the Circus of Nero The Pope is ex officio head of state and head of government of Vatican City, functions dependent on his primordial function as the bishop of the Archdiocese of Rome. The term Holy See refers not to the Vatican state but to the Pope's spiritual and pastoral governance, largely exercised through the Roman Curia.[4] His official title with regard to Vatican City is Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City. The papacy is a non-hereditary, elective monarchy, chosen by the College of Cardinals. The Pope is also technically an absolute monarch, meaning he has total legislative, executive and judicial power over Vatican City. He is the only absolute monarch in Europe. The Pope is elected for a life term in conclave by cardinals under the age of 80. His principal subordinate government official for Vatican City is the President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, who since 1952 exercises the functions previously belonging to the Governor of Vatican City. Since 2001, the President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State also has the title of President of the Governorate of the State of Vatican City. The current Pope is Benedict XVI, born Joseph Alois Ratzinger in Bavaria, Germany. Italian Archbishop Giovanni Lajolo serves as President of the Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City. He was appointed by Pope Benedict XVI on 11 September 2006. History
) Territory of Vatican City according to the Lateran treaty. Even before the arrival of Christianity, it is supposed that this originally uninhabited part of Rome (the ager vaticanus) had long been considered sacred, or at least not available for habitation. The area was also the site of worship to the Phrygian goddess Cybele and her consort Attis during Roman times.[5] Agrippina the Elder (14 BC – 18 October AD 33) drained the hill and environs and built her gardens there in the early 1st century AD. Emperor Caligula (37-41) started construction of a circus (40) that was later completed by Nero, the Circus Gaii et Neronis.[6] The Vatican obelisk was originally taken by Caligula from Heliopolis to decorate the spina of his circus and is thus its last visible remnant. This area became the site of martyrdom of many Christians after the great fire of Rome in 64. Ancient tradition holds that it was in this circus that Saint Peter was crucified upside down. Opposite the circus was a cemetery separated by the Via Cornelia. Funeral monuments and mausoleums and small tombs as well as altars to pagan gods of all kinds of polytheistic religions were constructed lasting until before the construction of the Constantinian Basilica of St. Peter's in the first half of the 4th century. Remains of this ancient necropolis were brought to light sporadically during renovations by various popes throughout the centuries increasing in frequency during the Renaissance until it was systematically excavated by orders of Pope Pius XII from 1939 to 1941 . In 326, the first church, the Constantinian basilica, was built over the site that Catholic apologists as well as noted Italian archaeologists argue was the tomb of Saint Peter, buried in a common cemetery on the spot. From then on the area started to become more populated, but mostly only by dwelling houses connected with the activity of St. Peter's. A palace was constructed near the site of the basilica as early as the 5th century during the pontificate of Pope Symmachus (b. ?? – d. Jul. 19, 514; pope 498-514).[7] ) St Peter's Square and St Peter's Basilica on a rainy afternoon In 1870, the Pope's holdings were left in an uncertain situation when Rome itself was annexed by the Piedmont-led forces which had united the rest of Italy, after a nominal resistance by the papal forces. Between 1861 and 1929 the status of the Pope was referred to as the "Roman Question". They were undisturbed in their palace, and given certain recognitions by the Law of Guarantees, including the right to send and receive ambassadors. But they did not recognize the Italian king's right to rule in Rome, and they refused to leave the Vatican compound until the dispute was resolved in 1929. Other states continued to maintain international recognition of the Holy See as a sovereign entity. In practice Italy made no attempt to interfere with the Holy See within the Vatican walls. However, they confiscated church property in many other places, including, perhaps most notably, the Quirinal Palace, formerly the pope's official residence. Pope Pius IX (1846-1878), the last ruler of the Papal States, claimed that after Rome was annexed he was a "Prisoner in the Vatican". This situation was resolved on February 11, 1929 between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy. ) St. Peter's Square in the early morning. GovernmentPolitical systemThe government of Vatican City has a unique structure. The Pope is the sovereign of the state. Legislative authority is vested in the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, a body of cardinals appointed by the Pope for five-year periods. Executive power is in the hands of the President of that commission, assisted by the General Secretary and Deputy General Secretary. The state's foreign relations are entrusted to the Holy See's Secretariat of State and diplomatic service. Nevertheless, the pope has full and absolute executive, legislative and judicial power over Vatican City. He is the last absolute monarch in Europe.There are specific departments that deal with health, security, telecommunications, etc.[8] The Cardinal Camerlengo heads the Apostolic Chamber to which is entrusted the administration of the property and the protection of the temporal rights of the Holy See during a sede vacante (papal vacancy). Those of the Vatican State remain under the control of the Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City. Acting with three other cardinals chosen by lot every three days, one from each order of cardinals (cardinal bishop, cardinal priest, and cardinal deacon), he in a sense performs during that period the functions of head of state. All the decisions these four cardinals take must be approved by the College of Cardinals as a whole. The nobility that was closely associated with the Holy See at the time of the Papal States continued to be associated with the Papal Court after the loss of these territories, generally with merely nominal duties (see Papal Master of the Horse, Prefecture of the Pontifical Household, Hereditary Officers of the Roman Curia, Black Nobility). They also formed the ceremonial Noble Guard. In the first decades of the existence of the Vatican City State, executive functions were entrusted to some of them, including that of Delegate for the State of Vatican City (now denominated President of the Commission for Vatican City). But with the motu proprio Pontificalis Domus of 28 March 1968,[9] Pope Paul VI abolished the honorary positions that had continued to exist until then, such as Quartermaster General and Master of the Horse.[10] The State of the Vatican City, created in 1929 by the Lateran Pacts, provides the Holy See with a temporal jurisdiction and independence within a small territory. It is distinct from the Holy See. The state can thus be deemed a significant but not essential instrument of the Holy See. The Holy See itself has existed continuously as a juridical entity since Roman Imperial times and has been internationally recognized as a powerful and independent sovereign (at times even suzerain) entity since late antiquity to the present, without interruption even at times when it was deprived of territory (e.g. 1870 to 1929). The Holy See has the oldest active continuous diplomatic service in the world, dating back to at least AD 325 with its legation to the Council of Nicea.[11] Ambassadors are accredited to the Holy See, never to the Vatican City State. AdministrationLegislative functions are delegated to the unicameral Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, led by the President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State. Its seven members are cardinals appointed by the Pope for terms of five years. Acts of the commission must be approved by the pope, through the Holy See's Secretariat of State, and be published in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis prior to taking effect.Executive authority is delegated to the Governorate of Vatican City. The Governorate consists of the President of the Pontifical Commission — using the title "President of the Governorate of Vatican City" — a General Secretary, and a Vice General Secretary, each appointed by the pope for five year terms. Important actions of the Governorate must be confirmed by the Pontifical Commission and by the Pope through the Secretariat of State. The Governorate oversees the central governmental functions through several departments and offices. The directors and officials of these offices are appointed by the pope for five year terms. These organs concentrate on material questions concerning the state's territory, including local security, records, transportation, and finances. The Governorate oversees a modern security and police corps, the Corpo della Gendarmeria dello Stato della Città del Vaticano. Judicial functions are delegated to a supreme court, an appeals court, a tribunal, and a trial judge. In all cases, the pope may choose at any time to exercise supreme legislative, executive, or judicial functions in the state. Military and policeThe Vatican City State has never had an army, navy or airforce.Though earlier Popes recruited Swiss mercenaries as part of an army, the Pontifical Swiss Guard was founded by Pope Julius II on 22 January 1506 as the personal bodyguard of the Pope and continues to fulfil that function. It is listed in the Annuario Pontificio under "Holy See", not under "State of Vatican City". At the end of 2005, the Guard had 134 members. Recruitment is arranged by a special agreement between the Holy See and Switzerland, and is restricted to Catholic male (Swiss) citizens. The Palatine Guard and the Noble Guard were disbanded by Pope Paul VI in 1970. While the first body was founded as a militia at the service of the Papal States, its functions within the Vatican State, like those of the Noble Guard, were merely ceremonial. The Corpo della Gendarmeria acts as a police force. Its full name is Corpo della Gendarmeria dello Stato della Città del Vaticano although it is sometimes still referred to as Vigilanza, a shortening of an earlier name. Foreign relationsVatican City State is a recognized national territory under international law, but it is the Holy See that conducts diplomatic relations on its behalf, in addition to the Holy See's own diplomacy, entering into international agreements in its regard. The Vatican City State thus has no diplomatic service of its own. Foreign embassies to the Holy See are located in the city of Rome; only during the Second World War were the staffs of some embassies given what hospitality was possible within the narrow confines of Vatican City, embassies such as that of the United Kingdom while Rome was held by the Axis Powers, embassies such as Germany's when the Allies controlled Rome. Given the distinction between the two entities, the Holy See's immense influence on world affairs is quite unrelated to the minuscule size of the Vatican City State.[12] CommunicationsVatican City has its own post office, fire brigade, police service, commissary (supermarket), bank (the automatic teller machines offer customers service in Latin, among other languages), railway station, electricity generating plant, and publishing house. The Vatican also controls its own Internet domain (.va).Vatican Radio, which was organized by Guglielmo Marconi himself, today offers short- medium- and long-wave and broadband service around the world. The Vatican has also been given a radio ITU prefix, HV, and this is sometimes used by amateur radio operators. Transmission antennae are located in Italian territory. Television services are provided through another entity, the Vatican Television Center.[13] L'Osservatore Romano is the semi-official newspaper, published daily in Italian, and weekly in English, Spanish, Portuguese, German, and French (plus a monthly edition in Polish). It is published by a private corporation under the direction of Catholic laymen but carries official information. Acta Apostolicae Sedis is the official publication of the Holy See, carrying the official texts of Church documents, but is little read other than by scholars and Church professionals. Official documents are also available on the Vatican web site. Geography) Map of Vatican City The Vatican City, one of the European microstates, is situated on the Vatican Hill in the west-central part of Rome, several hundred metres west of the Tiber river. Its borders (3.2 km or 2 miles in total, all within Italy) closely follow the city wall constructed to protect the Pope from outside attack. The situation is more complex at the famous St. Peter's Square in front of St. Peter's Basilica, where the correct border is just outside the ellipse formed by Bernini's colonnade, but where police jurisdiction has been entrusted to Italy. The Vatican City is the smallest sovereign state in the world at 0.44 square kilometres (108.7 acres). The Vatican climate is the same as Rome's; a temperate, Mediterranean climate with mild, rainy winters from September to mid-May and hot, dry summers from May to August. There are some local features, principally mists and dews, caused by the anomalous bulk of St Peter's Basilica, the elevation, the fountains and the size of the large paved square. In July, 2007 the Vatican agreed to become the first carbon neutral state. They plan to accomplish this by offsetting carbon dioxide emissions with the creation of a Vatican Climate Forest in Hungary. [14] EconomyThe Vatican City issues its own coins. It has used the euro as its currency since January 1, 1999, owing to a special agreement with the EU (council decision 1999/98/CE). Euro coins and notes were introduced in January 1, 2002--the Vatican does not issue euro banknotes. Issuance of euro-denominated coins are strictly limited by treaty, though somewhat more than usual is allowed in a year in which there is a change in the papacy.[16] Because of their rarity, Vatican euro coins are highly sought by collectors.[17] Until the adoption of the Euro, Vatican coinage and stamps were denominated in their own Vatican lira currency, which was on par with the Italian lira. It also has its own bank, Istituto per le Opere di Religione (also known as the Vatican Bank, and with the acronym IOR).
DemographicsPopulation and languages) Vatican Museums. The Vatican has no set official language, it can be changed at any moment by the current Pope.[20] The language most often used for the authoritative version of official documents of the Catholic Church or emanating from the Pope is Latin. However, Italian and, to a lesser extent, other languages are generally used for most conversations, publications, and broadcasts and most documents or other communications dealing directly with the Vatican as a state are most easily available in Italian. In the Swiss Guard, German is the language used for giving commands, but the individual guards take their oath of loyalty in their own languages, German, French or Italian. The Vatican's official website languages are Italian, German, English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. CitizenshipCitizenship of the Vatican City is granted iure officii, which means it is conferred upon some of those who have been appointed to work in certain capacities at the Vatican, and it is usually revoked upon the termination of their employment. During the period of employment citizenship may also be extended to a Vatican citizen's spouse (unless the marriage is annulled or dissolved, or if a conjugal separation is decreed) and children (until, if they are capable of working, they turn 25, or in the case of daughters, if they marry). Terms of citizenship are defined in the Lateran Treaty, and laws concerning the creation of the Vatican state in 1929 sought to restrict the number of people who could be granted Vatican citizenship. The only passports issued by the Vatican are diplomatic passports and service passports.[1]As of 31 December 2005 there were 558 people with Vatican citizenship, of whom 246 are dual-citizens of other countries (the majority being Italian). The Lateran Treaty provides that in the event a Vatican citizen has his or her original nationality revoked and also loses Vatican citizenship, he or she will be automatically granted Italian citizenship.[1] Among the 558 were: [21]
ReligionThe Vatican is 100% Roman Catholic, since the only inhabitants (fewer than the citizens) are the Pope, a small number of Cardinals and other ecclesiastics, the Swiss Guards and a very few others.CultureCrimeAs a result of the Vatican having a small resident population, the state has the highest per capita crime rate (i.e. number of crimes in relation to its little more than 500 residents, not in relation to the millions of people who visit it every year) of any nation on earth, more than twenty times higher than that of Italy. The chief prosecutor's 2002 report stated that during that year there had been within Vatican terrritory 397 civil offenses and 608 penal offenses. Each year, hundreds of tourists fall victim to pickpockets and purse snatchers. The perpetrators - like the victims, tourists to the Vatican - are rarely caught, with 90% of crimes remaining unsolved.[22]The Vatican police force is the Corpo della Gendarmeria. In accordance with article 22 of the 1929 Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and Italy, the Italian government, when requested by the Holy See, handles the prosecution and detention of criminal suspects, at the expense of the Vatican. In 1969, the Vatican state abolished capital punishment, which it had never used. The last execution in the earlier Papal States was on 9 July 1870, when Agabito (or Agapito) Bellomo was executed at Palestrina for murder.[23] Transport and communications) Mussolini demolished a spina of medieval housing to create an avenue, called Via della Conciliazione, leading into St. Peter's Square. ) The stamp vending machine of the Vatican Postal Service The City is served by an independent, modern telephone system[25] and post office. A bit of conventional wisdom in Rome is that international mail dropped in a mailbox in the Vatican will reach its destination more quickly than one dropped only a few hundred metres away in an Italian mailbox. To quote an article from the New York Times on June 27, 2004:
One lucrative source of income for the state is a two-pump petrol station where authorized persons can buy fuel at prices up to 30% lower than in Italy, because the fuel is not taxed. However, only people with special residence or work permits may use the station.[27] See also
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References1. ^ [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vt.html Holy See (Vatican City)]. CIA — The World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-02-22. 2. ^ Excerpt of extra-territorial jurisdiction as per the Lateran Treaty of 1929: Article 13
Article 14
Article 15
Article 16
3. ^ Lateran Treaty 4. ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 361 and Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 48 5. ^ Altar of Cybele, Vatican Museum retrieved 31 June 2006 6. ^ Lanciani, Rodolfo (1892). Pagan and Christian Rome Houghton, Mifflin. 7. ^ Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001-2005 8. ^ Vatican City. Catholic-Pages.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-04. 9. ^ Pontificalis Domus, 3 10. ^ The site Hereditary Officers of the Papal Court continues to present these functions and titles as still in use, several decades after their abolition. 11. ^ Vatican Diplomacy, Catholic-Pages.com, retrieved Mar. 15, 2007 12. ^ Vatican influence on the United Nations, the World Health Organization and other international agencies.. Retrieved on 16-03-2007. 13. ^ [1] 14. ^ [2] The Vatican to go carbon neutral 15. ^ [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vt.html#Econ Holy See (Vatican City): Economy]. CIA - The World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-02-23. 16. ^ Agreements on monetary relations (Monaco, San Marino, the Vatican and Andorra). Activities of the European Union: Summaries of legislation. Retrieved on 2007-02-23. 17. ^ Benedict Vatican euros set for release. Catholic News (2006-04-21). Retrieved on 2007-02-23. 18. ^ Holy See (10/06). U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2007-03-04. 19. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vt.html 20. ^ Willey, David. "Latin makes Vatican City comeback", Europe, BBC News, May 2007. Retrieved on 2007-03-04. 21. ^ Vatican citizenship. Holy See Press Office. Retrieved on 2006-12-03. 22. ^ "Vatican crime rate 'soars'". 23. ^ [3] 24. ^ Vatican City State Railway Railways of the World retrieved August 8, 2006 25. ^ On call 24/7: Vatican phone system directs thousands of call each day, July 24, 2006. 26. ^ Baker, Al. "Hail Marys Not Needed: Vatican Mail Will Deliver.", Foreign Desk, New York Times, June 27, 2004, pp. Late Edition - Final, Section 1, Page 8, Column 1, 1085 words. Retrieved on 2006-08-05. (English) 27. ^ Gabriel Kahn. In Vatican City, a Cardinal Works to Balance Budget. In Wall Street Journal, 7 April, 2005. retrieved 23 June 2006. External links
..... Click the link for more information. Inno e Marcia Pontificale (the Pontifical March and Hymn) is the national anthem of the Vatican City. The Italian lyrics were written by Antonio Allegra (1905-1969), the Latin lyrics were written by Raffaello Lavagna (1918-) and the music was composed by Charles Gounod (1818-1893). ..... Click the link for more information. Italian}}} Official status Official language of: European Union European Union Switzerland San Marino Vatican City Sovereign Military Order of Malta ..... Click the link for more information. capital (also called capital city or political capital — although the latter phrase has a second meaning based on an alternative sense of "capital") is the center of government. ..... Click the link for more information. An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. It is typically the language used in a nation's legislative bodies, though the law in many nations requires that government documents be produced in other ..... Click the link for more information. Latin}}} Official status Official language of: Vatican City Used for official purposes, but not spoken in everyday speech Regulated by: Opus Fundatum Latinitas Roman Catholic Church Language codes ISO 639-1: la ISO 639-2: lat ..... Click the link for more information. government is a body that has the power to make and the authority to enforce rules and laws within a civil, corporate, religious, academic, or other organization or group.[1] ..... Click the link for more information. Theocracy is a form of government. Theocracies are either oligarchies or autocracies by the ruling priests. For believers, theocracy is a form of government in which divine power governs an earthly human state, either in a personal incarnation or, more often, via religious ..... Click the link for more information. Absolute monarchy is a monarchical form of government where the monarch has the power to rule his or her land or country and its citizens freely, with no laws or legally-organized direct opposition in force. ..... Click the link for more information. An elective monarchy is a monarchy ruled by a monarch who is elected by a group. Some examples from historyIn the ancient Kingdom of Rome, the kings were elected by the Assemblies...... Click the link for more information. The Pope (from Latin: papa, father;[1] from Greek πάπας (papas) = father - originally written πάππας ( ..... Click the link for more information. Editing of this page by unregistered or newly registered users is currently disabled due to vandalism. If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or . ..... Click the link for more information. The President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State is the leader of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, the legislative body of Vatican City. As a senior member of the Roman Curia, the president is normally a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. ..... Click the link for more information. Giovanni Lajolo (born January 3, 1935 in Novara, Italy) is the current President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State. He served as the Secretary for Relations with States in the Secretariat of State, or foreign minister of Vatican City, from 2003 until his ..... Click the link for more information. Independence is the self-government of a nation, country, or state by its residents and population, or some portion thereof, generally exercising sovereignty. The term independence is used in contrast to subjugation, ..... Click the link for more information. Holy See This article is part of the series: Politics of the Vatican City
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Vatican City -- Pope Benedict told the Roman Curia December 22, 2006 in his annual pre-Christmas speech that there is "an unbreakable connection between the relationship of people with God and their relationships with each other;" and that the world would have greater peace and hope for the future if more of us believed in God and recognized each other as his children. The devil will rise to the papacy in the next conclave, the group says, because Revelation says the eighth king will be the beast, and Pope Benedict XVI is the seventh king of Vatican City. ``I was completely taken aback when a group of nuns asked me for my autograph after I was introduced at the world premiere in Vatican City on Sunday,'' confessed Oscar Isaac, who just flew in from Rome and plays Joseph in the film that opens today. |
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