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Gumarcaj |
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Gumarcaj, sometimes rendered as Cumarcaj or Kumarcaaj, is an archeological site in El Quiché department of Guatemala. Gumarcaj is also known as Utatlán, the Nahuatl language name for the city. The name Gumarcaj is Quiché for "Place of old reeds".
HistoryGumarcaj (properly Q'uma'rka'aaj or Q'ümä'rkä'aj, in the modern K'ichee'-Maya alphabets) was the capital city of the K'ichee'/K'iche'/Quiché Maya people in late Pre-Columbian times. The ruins of the city are a short distance from the modern city of Santa Cruz del Quiché. While often translated as "place of old reeds" or "place of rotted cane," the name Q'uma'rka'aaj translates more precisely as "rotted reed houses" (q'uma'r = "rotten"; ka'aaj = "house or shack build of cane and reeds").Before the Spanish invasion in 1524, the city was known as Utatlan, a name of Nahua origin that means "place of reeds" and is a rough translation of the native K'ichee' toponym. The earliest reference to the site in Spanish occurs in Hernán Cortés' letters from Mexico. The site was founded around 1400 for its defensive position, as it was a time of warfare in the Guatemala highlands. The city is situated on a hilltop surrounded by ravines. The Spanish Conquistadores overtook the city in 1524. On Alvarado's orders, the city, together with the ruling nobles, were burned. By that time, the Spanish Conquistador Pedro de Alvarado's Spanish soldiers and an even larger army of indigenous allies and draftees had already defeated the main K'ichee' army commanded by Tecún Umán — a member of the K'ichee' royal family who bore the title of "nim rajpop achijaab'" or "great leader of soldiers" — in a battle that took place in the outskirts of the city of Quetzaltenango. Alvarado himself is reported to have killed Tecum Uman. Cut stone originally facing the buildings was taken to build the new buildings of Santa Cruz del Quiché; the ruins were still being mined for construction material through the late 19th century, doing extensive damage to the remains of the old buildings. The site was extensively documented in the colonial era. Miguel Rivera y Maestre wrote a report of the site for the government of Guatemala in 1834. In 1840 it was visited by travel writer John Lloyd Stephens. A more detailed plan of the site was made by Alfred P. Maudslay in 1887. Archeological excavations were made in the 1950s and the 1970s. The site can be visited, although little restoration work has been done to it. Various temple pyramids, the remains of palaces (mostly reduced to mounds of rubble) and a court for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame can be seen. Some modern Quiché, although officially Christian, still burn candles and incense at the ruined temples. El Quiché is a department of Guatemala. El Quiché department is in the heartland of the Quiché people, to the north-west of Guatemala City. The capital is Santa Cruz del Quiché. Also in the department is the town of Chichicastenango and the ruins of Gumarcaj. ..... Click the link for more information. Motto Unofficial: "El País de la Eterna Primavera" "Land of Eternal Spring" Official: "Libre Crezca Fecundo" "Grow Free and Fertile" Anthem Himno Nacional de Guatemala ..... Click the link for more information. Mexico (Mexico (state), Distrito Federal, Puebla, Veracruz, Hidalgo, Guerrero, Morelos, Oaxaca, Michoacán and Durango) Total speakers: 1.7 million Language family: }} Official status Official language of: none ..... Click the link for more information. K'iche' (or Quiché in Spanish spelling), are a Native American people, one of the Maya ethnic groups. Their indigenous language, the K'iche' language, is a Mesoamerican language of the Mayan language family. ..... Click the link for more information. K'iche' (or Quiché in Spanish spelling), are a Native American people, one of the Maya ethnic groups. Their indigenous language, the K'iche' language, is a Mesoamerican language of the Mayan language family. ..... Click the link for more information. Maya civilization is a Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its spectacular art, monumental architecture, and sophisticated mathematical and astronomical systems. ..... Click the link for more information. The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents. ..... Click the link for more information. Santa Cruz de Quiché is a city in Guatemala. It serves as the capital of El Quiché department and the municipal seat of Santa Cruz de Quiché municipality. The city is located at ..... Click the link for more information. 13rd century - 14th century - 15th century 1370s 1380s 1390s - 1400s - 1410s 1420s 1430s 1397 1398 1399 - 1400 - 1401 1402 1403 : Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture - ..... Click the link for more information. A ravine is a very small valley, which is often the product of streamcutting erosion. Often found in urban areas, ravines are typically classified as larger in scale than gullies, although smaller than valleys. ..... Click the link for more information. Motto "Plus Ultra" (Latin) "Further Beyond" Anthem "Marcha Real" 1 ..... Click the link for more information. Conquistador (Spanish: [kon.kis.t̪a'ð̞oɾ]) (English: Conqueror) was a Spanish soldier, explorer and adventurer who took part in the gradual invasion and conquering of much of the Americas and Asia ..... Click the link for more information. 15th century - 16th century - 17th century 1490s 1500s 1510s - 1520s - 1530s 1540s 1550s 1521 1522 1523 - 1524 - 1525 1526 1527 : Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture - ..... Click the link for more information. Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras (also known as Don Pedro de Alvarado and Tonatiuh by Mexican natives; born Badajoz, Spain, c.1495, died Guadalajara, New Spain, 4 July1541) was a Spanish conquistador and governor of Guatemala, [1] ..... Click the link for more information. Tecún Umán (Alternatively Tecún Umaán, Tecúm Umán, or Tekun Umam 1500?-1524) was the last ruler of the Quiché people, in the highlands of what is now Guatemala. ..... Click the link for more information. Quetzaltenango Nickname: Xelajú Motto: La ciudad de la Estrella Foundation May 7, 1524 Government - Mayor Mito Barrientos, Grand National Alliance ..... Click the link for more information. For the periodical, see . The 19th Century (also written XIX century) lasted from 1801 through 1900 in the Gregorian calendar. It is often referred to as the "1800s...... Click the link for more information. 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1800s 1810s 1820s - 1830s - 1840s 1850s 1860s 1831 1832 1833 - 1834 - 1835 1836 1837 : Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture - ..... Click the link for more information. 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1810s 1820s 1830s - 1840s - 1850s 1860s 1870s 1837 1838 1839 - 1840 - 1841 1842 1843 : Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture - ..... Click the link for more information. John Lloyd Stephens (November 28, 1805–October 13, 1852) was an American explorer, writer, and diplomat. Stephens was a pivotal figure in the rediscovery of Maya civilization throughout Middle America and in the planning of the Panama railroad. ..... Click the link for more information. Alfred Percival Maudslay (March 18, 1850 - January 22, 1931) was a British colonial diplomat, explorer and archaeologist. He was one of the first Europeans to study Mayan ruins. ..... Click the link for more information. 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1850s 1860s 1870s - 1880s - 1890s 1900s 1910s 1884 1885 1886 - 1887 - 1888 1889 1890 : Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture - ..... Click the link for more information. worldwide view. 2nd millennium Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 - - - The 1950s ..... Click the link for more information. Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 - - - The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called ..... Click the link for more information. Mesoamerican ballgame[1] was a sport with ritual associations played for over 3000 years by the pre-Columbian peoples of Mesoamerica. The sport had different versions in different places during the millenia, and a modern version of the game, ulama ..... Click the link for more information. Christianity Foundations Jesus Christ Church Theology New Covenant Supersessionism Dispensationalism Apostles Kingdom Gospel History of Christianity Timeline Bible Old Testament New Testament Books Canon Apocrypha ..... Click the link for more information. candle is a light source that usually has an internal wick rising through the center of a column of solid fuel. Prior to the mid 19th century, the candle was made from tallow (a byproduct of beef-fat rendering). ..... Click the link for more information. Incense is composed of aromatic organic materials. It releases fragrant smoke when burned. The term incense refers to the substance itself, rather than to the odor that it produces. According to the Greek journalist Ch. ..... Click the link for more information. 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| Utatlan is a Maya archaeological site located in the Guatemalan highlands. |
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Utatlan