| József Eötvös | |
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| Minister of Education of Hungary | |
|---|---|
| In office 7 April 1848 – 11 September 1848 | |
| Preceded by | office created |
| Succeeded by | Lajos Batthyány |
| Minister of Religion and Education of Hungary | |
| In office 20 February 1867 – 2 February 1871 | |
| Preceded by | Mihály Horváth |
| Succeeded by | József Szlávy |
| | |
| Born | 3 September 1813){kind=small} Buda, Kingdom of Hungary |
| Died | 2 February 1871 (aged 57)){kind=small} Pest, Austria-Hungary |
| Political party | Opposition Party, Centralists, Deák Party |
| Profession | politician, writer |
- The native form of this personal name is vásárosnaményi báró Eötvös József. This article uses the Western name order.
Baron József Eötvös de Vásárosnamény (13 September 1813 – 2 February 1871), was a Hungarian writer and statesman, the son of Baron Ignacz Eötvös and the baroness Lilian, was born at Buda.
After an excellent education he entered the civil service as a vice-notary, and was early introduced to political life by his father. He also spent many years in western Europe, assimilating the new ideas both literary and political, and making the acquaintance of the leaders of the Romantic school. On his return to Hungary he wrote his first political work, Prison Reform; and at the diet of 1839–1840 he made a great impression by his eloquence and learning. One of his first speeches (published, with additional matter, in 1841) warmly advocated Jewish emancipation.
Subsequently, in the columns of the Pesti Hírlap, Eötvös disseminated his progressive ideas farther afield, his standpoint being that the necessary reforms could only be carried out administratively by a responsible and purely national government. The same sentiments pervade his novel The Village Notary (1844–1846), one of the classics of Hungarian literature, as well as in the less notable romance Hungary in 1514, and the comedy Long live Equality! In 1842 he married Ágnes Rosty, daughter of Adalbert Rosty, but his happy domestic life did not interfere with his public career.
He was now generally regarded as one of the leading writers and politicians of Hungary, while the charm of his oratory was such that, whenever the archduke palatine Joseph desired to have a full attendance in the House of Magnates, he called upon Eötvös to address it. The February Hungarian Revolution of 1848 was the complete triumph of Eötvös's ideas, and he held the portfolio of public worship and instruction in the first responsible Hungarian ministry. But his influence extended far beyond his own department. Eötvös, Ferenc Deák and István Széchenyi represented the pacific, moderating influence in the council of ministers, but when the premier, Lajos Batthyány, resigned, Eötvös, in despair, retired for a time to Munich. Yet, though withdrawn from the tempests of the War of Independence, he continued to serve his country with his pen. His Influence of the Ruling Ideas of the 19th century on the State (Pest, 1851–1854, German editions at Vienna and Leipzig the same year) profoundly influenced literature and public opinion in Hungary.
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On his return home, in 1851, he kept resolutely aloof from all political movements. In 1859 he published The Guarantees of the Power and Unity of Austria (the German edition was published in Leipzig the same year), in which he tried to arrive at a compromise between personal union and ministerial responsibility on the one hand and centralization on the other. After the Italian war, however, such a halting-place was regarded as inadequate by the majority of the nation. In the diet of 1861 Eötvös was one of the most loyal followers of Deák, and his speech in favor of the Address made a great impression at Vienna.
The enforced calm which prevailed during the next few years enabled him to devote himself once more to literature, and, in 1866, he was elected president of the Hungarian academy. In the diets of 1865 and 1867 he fought zealously by the side of Deak, with whose policy he now completely associated himself. On the formation of the Andrássy cabinet in February 1867 he once more accepted the portfolio of public worship and education, being the only one of the ministers of 1848 who thus returned to office. He had now, at last, the opportunity of realizing the ideals of a lifetime. That very year the diet passed his bill for the emancipation of the Jews; though his further efforts in the direction of religious liberty were less successful, owing to the opposition of the Catholics.
But his greatest achievement was the National Schools Act, the most complete system of education provided for Hungary since the days of Maria Theresa. Good Roman Catholic though he was (in matters of religion he had been the friend and disciple of Charles Forbes René de Montalembert), Eötvös looked with disfavour on the dogma of papal infallibility. He was a constant defender of the compromise with Austria (German: Ausgleich), and during the absence of Andrássy used to preside over the council of ministers; but the labors of the last few years were too much for his failing health, and he died at Pest on 2 February 1871. On 3 May 1879 a statue was erected to him at Pest in the square which bears his name.
Eötvös occupied as prominent a place in Hungarian literature as in Hungarian politics. His peculiarity, both as a politician and as a statesman, lies in the fact that he was a true philosopher, a philosopher at heart as well as in theory; and in his poems and novels he clothed in artistic forms all the great ideas for which he contended in social and political life. The best of his verses are to be found in his ballads, but his poems are insignificant compared with his romances. It was The Carthusians, written on the occasion of the floods at Pest in 1838, that first took the public by storm. The Magyar novel was then in its infancy, being chiefly represented by the historico-epics of Jsikh. Eötvös first modernized it, giving prominence in his pages to current social problems and political aspirations. The famous Village Notary came still nearer to actual life, while Hungary in 1514, in which the terrible György Dózsa Jacquerie is so vividly described, is especially interesting because it rightly attributes the great national catastrophe of the Battle of Mohács to the blind selfishness of the Hungarian nobility and the intense sufferings of the people. Yet, as already stated, all these books are written with a moral purpose, and their somewhat involved and difficult style is, nowadays at any rate, a trial to those who are acquainted with the easy, brilliant and lively novels of Mór Jókai.
The best edition of Eötvös collected works is that of 1891, in 17 volumes. Comparatively few of his writings have been translated, but there is a good English version (London, 1850) and numerous German versions of The Village Notary, while The Emancipation of the Jews has been translated into Italian and German (Pest, 1841– 1842), and a German translation of Hungary in 1514, under the title of Der Bauernkrieg in Ungarn was published at Pest in 1850.
Eötvös was responsible for the facilitation of the career of the father of Islamic Studies in Hungary, Ignaz Goldziher. Introduced to the teenager by Ármin Vámbéry, Eötvös arranged study grants for the precocious youth that took him to the leading Oriental libraries in Europe and an extended sojourn in the Middle East. Upon his return, a faculty position at the national university was earmarked for him. However the untimely death of Eötvös dashed these hopes. Intra-faculty politics and fierce anti-Semitism in Hungary doomed the Jewish Goldziher to a life of hardship and despair. Unlike his first teacher Vámbéry, he was unwilling to convert for financial gains. Without the patronage of the far sighted Eötvös, Goldziher was compelled to work thirty years as the secretary of the Budapest Jewish community while devoting himself to Islamic research at night, weekends and holidays before a similar position opened.
References
- A. Ban, Life and Art of Baron Joseph Eotvos (Hung.) (Budapest, 1902);
- Zoltan Ferenczi Baron Joseph Eotvos (Hung.) (Budapest, 1903), the best biography
- M. Berkovics, Baron Joseph Eotvos and the French Literature (Hung.) (Budapest, 1904).
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by post created | Minister of Education 1848 | Succeeded by Lajos Batthyány |
| Preceded by Mihály Horváth | Minister of Religion and Education 1867–1871 | Succeeded by József Szlávy |
| Cultural offices | ||
| Preceded by Emil Dessewffy | President of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 1866–1871 | Succeeded by Menyhért Lónyay |
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