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Rockstar North Limited
	Private
Founded	1988
Headquarters	Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Industry	Game development
Products	Grand Theft Auto, Manhunt, Lemmings
Parent	Rockstar Games

Rockstar North Limited (formerly DMA Design Limited) is a Scottish developer of computer and video games founded by David Jones in Dundee and presently located in Leith Street, Edinburgh, Scotland. The company is a part of Rockstar Games which is owned by Take Two Interactive. It is the primary developer of the Grand Theft Auto series, including Grand Theft Auto III, , and , which are three of the best-selling games on sixth-generation consoles; in its earlier guise as DMA, it was responsible for originating the Lemmings franchise.

History

Late 1980s

The name DMA was taken from the Amiga programming manuals and the initials were later 'retrofitted' so that they briefly stood for Direct Mind Access. In 1988 DMA signed with UK label Psygnosis and developed Menace and Blood Money -- side-scrolling space shooters which gained attention from gamers and critics for both their high-quality presentation and difficulty. As with all the company's early games, Menace and Blood Money debuted on the Amiga, leading platform for videogames in Europe between the late 1980s and the early 1990s. A Commodore 64 port was published immediately after, later followed by DOS and Atari ST versions.

DMA had several announced projects that were subsequently cancelled in mid-development: Nintendo 64 ports of Wild Metal Country and the original GTA; Clan Wars (a real-time 3D castle building and siege game set in medieval Scotland); Attack! (a caveman-themed platformer for the N64); and a port of Epic Games' PC hit Unreal for the Nintendo 64 disk drive.

Early 1990s

DMA's major breakthrough came with 1990's Lemmings, a simple puzzle game that sold over 20 million copies on 21 different systems. It debuted on the Amiga and it was available on other major platforms like the NES and Macintosh and obscure formats as the FM Towns and the Philips CD-i). Much of DMA's time over the next few years was devoted to Lemmings follow-ups (Oh No! More Lemmings, , All New World of Lemmings, and two Christmas-themed Holiday Lemmings special editions). They also released two original titles: 1993's Walker (a coolly-received side-scrolling mech shooter) and 1994's Hired Guns (a first-person strategy game with a four-way split screen). Other Lemmings sequels and spinoffs, such as Lemmings Paintball and Lemmings 3D, have appeared over the years, but these were produced without DMA.

1994's Uniracers, a 2D platform racer featuring riderless unicycles was the company's first game to debut on a console (the Super Nintendo). Published by Nintendo, it also marked DMA's first game without Psygnosis, which got bought out by Sony in 1993. This was the beginning of what would be a long and often bumpy relationship with the Japanese console giant. After spending some time experimenting with various next-generation consoles (particularly the 3DO), DMA was asked by Nintendo to join their "Dream Team" of developers for the upcoming Ultra 64 system (later renamed Nintendo 64), alongside such other developers as Rare, Paradigm, Midway Games, and LucasArts.

Under this arrangement, DMA would produce an N64-exclusive title that Nintendo would publish. The result of this collaboration was Body Harvest, a third-person 3D vehicular action game with a storyline about aliens arriving on Earth to harvest mankind for food. Nintendo requested a number of major overhauls, such as the addition of puzzle and role-playing elements, to make the game more appealing to the Japanese market. The game underwent numerous delays, and Nintendo finally decided to drop their publishing plans. Midway picked up the rights and finally released it in 1998, almost three years after the game was first shown. Reaction was mostly favourable, in particular for the game's innovation and free-roaming gameplay, although a few gamers criticized the graphics.

In the interim, the company released (through the short-lived BMG Interactive label) Grand Theft Auto for the PC and PlayStation, which applied the Body Harvest play mechanism of allowing control of any vehicle in the environment to a top-down 2D game of cops-and-robbers. The game put the player in the role of a petty hood who works his way up through the criminal ranks in three fictional US cities; Liberty City, Vice City, and San Andreas. Despite its undetailed retro graphics and tongue-in-cheek humour, GTA (as it was soon known) attracted controversy for its violence, with the Daily Mail calling for an outright ban. The uproar no doubt contributed in some part to making GTA a success.

Its gave a the player vast, fully explorable cities and dozens of optional missions. DMA's second N64 title, Space Station Silicon Valley, was yet another take on the multiple vehicles concept, this time in a 3D platforming environment and with robotic animals such as hovering sheep and turret-equipped turtles -- instead of cars and trucks.

Late 1990s

In 1997, DMA was bought by British publisher Gremlin Interactive, with Jones becoming Creative Director of both companies. Gremlin published two DMA titles -- the UK release of Body Harvest and the PC version of Wild Metal Country, a tank combat game with a complex control scheme and realistic physics. In 1999 Gremlin was acquired by French publisher Infogrames for £24 million. Complicating this sale was the pre-existing deal between DMA and BMG Interactive, which had published the first version of Grand Theft Auto, and by 1999 itself had gone through some complex financial moves, becoming Rockstar Games, an internal label of publisher Take Two.

Infogrames sold DMA Design to Take Two. Rockstar published the Dreamcast version of Wild Metal Country (retitled simply Wild Metal) and Grand Theft Auto 2 for the PC, PlayStation and Dreamcast. Prior to DMA becoming part of Rockstar, Jones left, setting up a new development studio in Dundee as a subsidiary of Rage Software. Through a management buy-out, this later became Real Time Worlds.

2000s

Whereas GTA2 had been an incremental improvement on the original, keeping the top-down 2D perspective and adding a few new features, 2001's Grand Theft Auto III brought the series into 3D. It was the first high profile game to use middleware technology; in this case Criterion Software's RenderWare graphics engine. It became the PlayStation 2's biggest system seller in both the U.S. and Europe; Sony, realising that the game was a sure-fire success, paid Rockstar to keep it a PS2 exclusive for some time. Rockstar bought DMA outright, renaming the company "Rockstar North" in early 2002.

That same year a PC version of GTA III was released, as well as for the PS2, which retained the engine and core gameplay of GTA3 while adding a number of refinements (plus a roster of top Hollywood voice talent). In 2003, the company released a PC port of Vice City, as well as a two-pack of both GTA III and Vice City for Microsoft's Xbox console (ported by Rockstar Vienna).

Manhunt was released for the PS2 in 2003. The game is a violent stealth adventure in which a death-row inmate must flee killers. Rockstar North released for the PS2 in October 2004, and ports to Xbox and PC followed in 2005. The studio is currently working on Grand Theft Auto 4 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. It was due to be released on the Playstation 3 and Xbox 360 in October 2007, but on August 2, 2007, the game's release was delayed until early 2008.

, a new installment for PlayStation Portable, was released in October 2005. It was developed by Rockstar Leeds, under Rockstar North's supervision. It has been ported to the PlayStation 2 and features a slightly better framerate and draw distance than its PSP counterpart. A second PSP Grand Theft Auto title, , was also developed by Rockstar Leeds, under Rockstar North's supervision for PSP, and released in October 2006. It was also ported to the PlayStation 2.

Games

As DMA Design:

• Menace (1988) (Amiga, ST and PC)
• Ballistix (1989) (ports to MSDOS, C64, TG16)
• Blood Money (1989) (Amiga, ST and C64)
• Lemmings (1990) (Amiga, CDTV, MS-DOS, ST, Spectrum, CD-I, Lynx)
• Oh No! More Lemmings (1991) (Amiga, ST, MS-DOS)
• Walker (1993) (Amiga)
• Hired Guns (1993) (Amiga, MS-DOS)
• Holiday Lemmings 1993 (1993) (MS-DOS)
• (1993) (Amiga, MS-DOS, SNES)
• All New World of Lemmings (1994) (Amiga, MS-DOS, 3DO) (published in the U.S. as The Lemmings Chronicles)
• Holiday Lemmings 1994 (1994) (MS-DOS)
• Unirally (1994) (SNES) (published in the U.S. as Uniracers)
• Grand Theft Auto (1997) (PS1, GBC, PC)
• Body Harvest (1998) (N64)
• Space Station Silicon Valley (1998) (N64)
• (1999) (PS1, PC) - Expansion Pack for GTA
• (1999) (PC) - Free Expansion Pack for GTA: London 1969
• Grand Theft Auto 2 (1999) (PS1, Dreamcast, GBC, PC)
• Tanktics (1999)
• Wild Metal Country (1999) (PC)
• Wild Metal (1999) (Dreamcast)
• Grand Theft Auto III (2001) (PS2, Xbox, PC)

As Rockstar North:

• (2002) (PS2, Xbox, PC)
• Manhunt (2003) (PS2, Xbox, PC)
• (2004) (PS2, Xbox, PC)
• (2005) (PSP, PS2) (with Rockstar Leeds)
• (2006) (PSP, PS2) (with Rockstar Leeds)
• Manhunt 2 (2007) (PS2, PSP, Wii) (with Rockstar London, Rockstar Leeds and Rockstar Toronto)
• Grand Theft Auto IV (2007) (PS3, Xbox 360)

External links

• Official Rockstar North website.
• Rockstar North Limited at MobyGames.
• The DMA History Site by Mike Dailly.

•  • [ e] Rockstar Games Studios

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